1. Dissemination of supplies to community scientists
2. Community scientist collection preparation
3. Sample collection in the field
4. When field collection is complete
5. Submitting samples and data
6. DNA extraction
7. Data analysis of DNA sequences
Materials for collecting up to 563 samples were sent to eight conservation and community scientists from nine states across the species range in eastern North America. Materials were sent out over three months during 2021 prior to local peak flight times. To date, we have received a total of 160 C. irus tissue samples that have been collected (Table 1). Genomic DNA was extracted following a protocol for this sample type detailed by Storer et al.14. Out of these 160 samples, DNA was successfully extracted from 88 with an average concentration of 1.67 ng/μL (SE ± 2.98), and the highest DNA yield was 26.8 ng/μL. The concentrations were quantified using a high-sensitivity assay kit per manufacturer's instructions with 2 µL of extract.
While the total number of samples received is substantially lower than that of the overall total number of materials deployed for collection, this is predominately an artifact of providing an overabundance of collection materials to the primary collector or team leader to enable them to have the maximum flexibility for including multiple collection sites and/or community scientists involved if desired. Moreover, C. iris is a rare and declining taxon represented by limited and often relatively small populations throughout its extant range. Despite this constraint, the total number of tissue samples received is substantial, especially compared to what would be expected with a more traditional sampling of individual adult butterflies.
Figure 1: Individual deployable units of all necessary supplies awaiting shipment to community scientists or other personnel responsible for field collection. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Individual deployable unit including all supplies, clear plastic collection tacklebox, and completed express carrier label awaiting shipment to community scientists or other personnel responsible for field collection. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Photo of hatched frosted elfin butterfly (Callophrys irus) egg on wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) showing a distinct hole in the center from which the neonate larva emerged. Note that the overall color of the hatched egg is white. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4: Photo of unhatched hatched frosted elfin butterfly (Callophrys irus) eggs on wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). Note that unhatched eggs lack a noticeable central hole and that their overall color is bluish green. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 5: DNA concentration by tissue type. The box midlines represent the median, each box extends the IQR, and the box whiskers are 1.5 × IQR, with any points outside being outliers. Samples containing a single egg case had only one egg case, and samples containing multiple egg cases had at least two cases, with the number of cases ranging from 2 to 20 (average = 5.3) per sample. Abbreviation: IQR = interquartile range. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
State | Egg case | Egg cases | Frass | Leg | Molt | Grand Total |
Arkansas | 2 | 2 | ||||
Florida | 3 | 10 | 7 | 22 | 42 | |
Michigan | ||||||
New Hampshire | 24 | 6 | 15 | 45 | ||
New York | 30 | 30 | ||||
Ohio | ||||||
Wisconsin | 9 | 5 | 5 | 19 | ||
Oklahoma | 16 | 6 | 22 | |||
Grand Total | 36 | 21 | 16 | 65 | 22 | 160 |
Table 1: Number and type of tissue material collected by state.
Supplemental Figure S1: Front page of two-sided, laminated, condensed, and illustrated protocol for use in the field. Please click here to download this File.
Supplemental Figure S2. Back page of two-sided, laminated, condensed, illustrated protocol for use in the field. Please click here to download this File.
14 quart Igloo Playmate Cooler | Amazon | NA | portable cooler Amount per deployable unit: 1 cooler |
250 DNeasy Mini Spin Columns, Proteinase K, Buffers, Collection Tubes (2 mL) | Qiagen | 69506 | Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit Amount per deployable unit: NA |
Andwin Scientific Supplier Diversity Partner LAB MARKERS BLACK | FisherSci | NC9280166 | ethanol proof lab marker Amount per deployable unit: 2 markers |
Cardboard shipping box | shipping box Amount per deployable unit: as needed |
||
Eisco Polyethylene Wash Bottles, LDPE | FisherSci | S14091 | lab grade spray or squirt bottle (for ethanol or alcohol) Amount per deployable unit: 1 bottle |
FedEx U.S. express airbill | FedEx | NA | shipping return label Amount per deployable unit: 2 labels |
Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5 mL | FisherSci | NC9386261 | sterile 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes Amount per deployable unit: 128 tubes |
Forceps, #4a, very fine yet extra strong tips (33 mm), 4-3/8" (111 mm) long | Bioquip | 4523 | straight tip forceps Amount per deployable unit: 2 straight forceps |
Forceps, #7, curved tips (13 mm), very fine points, 4-1/2" (114 mm) long | Bioquip | 4527 | curved tip forceps Amount per deployable unit: 2 curved forceps |
Kimberly-Clark Professional Kimtech Science Kimwipes Delicate Task Wipers, 1-Ply | FisherSci | 06-666A | kimwipes (or other sterile wipe) Amount per deployable unit: 1 box |
Laminated Illustrated field collection protocol | NA | NA | abbreviated protocol Amount per deployable unit: 1 protocol |
Laminated list of materials | NA | NA | supply list Amount per deployable unit: 1 list |
Lily Sugar 'N Cream The Original Solid Yarn, 2.5 oz, Medium 4 Gauge, 100% Cotton – Hot Pink – Machine Wash & Dry | Amazon | NA | pink yarn (to secure to forceps for visibility) Amount per deployable unit: 2 yards |
Loupe by Bausch & Lomb, 10x Coddington Magnifier | Amazon | NA | hand lens Amount per deployable unit: 2 hand lenses |
MyGift Clear Plastic 2-Tier Trays Craft Supply Storage Box/First Aid Carrying Case w/Top Handle & Latch Lock | Amazon | NA | supply storage box Amount per deployable unit: 1 box |
Nitrile, Disposable Gloves, L, Powder-Free, 2.8 mil Palm Thickness | Grainger | 60NU14 | nitrile lab gloves (large) Amount per deployable unit: 1 box |
Nitrile, Disposable Gloves, M, Powder-Free, 2.8 mil Palm Thickness | Grainger | 60NU13 | nitrile lab gloves (medium) Amount per deployable unit: 1 box |
Qiagen, Inc. BUFFER ATL (200 ML) | Qiagen | 19076 | Qiagen ATL lysis buffer Amount per deployable unit: 180 µl/tube; 128 tubes |
Rite In The Rain Weatherproof Side Spiral Notebook, Yellow Cover, Universal Page Pattern (No. 373-MX), 11 x 8.75 x 0.5 | Amazon | NA | weatherproof field notebook Amount per deployable unit: 1 notebook |
Showgard Professional Stamp Tongs 6" 904 Round Tip Tweezers | Amazon | NA | 6" spade tip forceps Amount per deployable unit: 2 long spade forceps |
Texwipe PolySat Pre-Wetted Wipers | FisherSci | 18-366-231 | alcohol wipes Amount per deployable unit: 100 wipes |
Thermo Scientific CryoBoxes | FisherSci | 12-565-227 | 64 well microcentrifuge tubes collection/storage boxes Amount per deployable unit: 2 boxes |
packing material Amount per deployable unit: as needed |
Global insect declines continue to accelerate. Effective genetic sampling is critically needed to advance the understanding of many taxa and address existing knowledge gaps. This protocol represents a demonstrated method for nondestructively sampling rare butterflies for population genetic structure or DNA barcoding analyses. It uses the chorion of hatched butterfly ovae to yield sufficiently high quantity and quality DNA for successful gene sequencing to confirm species identity and quantify genetic variation. It may be particularly useful when other tissue sampling techniques are impractical or unavailable. While developed for a lepidopteran, it nonetheless could easily be adapted for use with other insect species. It was specifically designed with ease of use as a goal to help maximize broad implementation by individuals of varying experience and skill levels, such as community scientists, conservation practitioners, and students, and for use over large geographic areas to facilitate broad population sampling. The data generated can help inform taxonomic and listing decisions, conservation and management actions, and enhance basic ecological research.
Global insect declines continue to accelerate. Effective genetic sampling is critically needed to advance the understanding of many taxa and address existing knowledge gaps. This protocol represents a demonstrated method for nondestructively sampling rare butterflies for population genetic structure or DNA barcoding analyses. It uses the chorion of hatched butterfly ovae to yield sufficiently high quantity and quality DNA for successful gene sequencing to confirm species identity and quantify genetic variation. It may be particularly useful when other tissue sampling techniques are impractical or unavailable. While developed for a lepidopteran, it nonetheless could easily be adapted for use with other insect species. It was specifically designed with ease of use as a goal to help maximize broad implementation by individuals of varying experience and skill levels, such as community scientists, conservation practitioners, and students, and for use over large geographic areas to facilitate broad population sampling. The data generated can help inform taxonomic and listing decisions, conservation and management actions, and enhance basic ecological research.
Global insect declines continue to accelerate. Effective genetic sampling is critically needed to advance the understanding of many taxa and address existing knowledge gaps. This protocol represents a demonstrated method for nondestructively sampling rare butterflies for population genetic structure or DNA barcoding analyses. It uses the chorion of hatched butterfly ovae to yield sufficiently high quantity and quality DNA for successful gene sequencing to confirm species identity and quantify genetic variation. It may be particularly useful when other tissue sampling techniques are impractical or unavailable. While developed for a lepidopteran, it nonetheless could easily be adapted for use with other insect species. It was specifically designed with ease of use as a goal to help maximize broad implementation by individuals of varying experience and skill levels, such as community scientists, conservation practitioners, and students, and for use over large geographic areas to facilitate broad population sampling. The data generated can help inform taxonomic and listing decisions, conservation and management actions, and enhance basic ecological research.