<em>In vivo</em> <sup>19</sup>F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research

German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)

Magnetic susceptibility gradients caused by tissue/air interfaces lead to very short T(2)* times in the human lung. These susceptibility gradients are dependent on the magnetic susceptibility of the respiratory gas and therefore should influence T(2)* relaxation. In this work, a technique for quantitative T(2)* mapping of the human lung during one breath hold is presented. Using this method, the lung T(2)* relaxation time was measured under normoxic (room air, 21% O(2)) and hyperoxic (100% O(2)) conditions to verify this assumption. The mean T(2)* difference between room air and 100% O(2) is about 10% and contains ventilation information, since only ventilated regions contribute to signal change due to different susceptibility gradients.

Oxygen-enhanced proton imaging of the human lung using T2.

The major drawback to quantitative perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques is the need to acquire two images (tag and control), which must be subtracted in order to obtain a perfusion-weighted image. This can potentially result in misregistration artifacts, especially in lung imaging, due to varying lung inflation levels in different breath-holds. In this work a double inversion recovery (DIR) imaging technique that yields perfusion-weighted images of the human lung in a single shot is presented. This technique ensures the complete suppression of background tissue while it preserves signal from the blood. Furthermore, the perfusion-weighted images and an additional (independent) acquired reference scan can be used to obtain quantitative perfusion information from the lungs.

Single-shot quantitative perfusion imaging of the human lung.

To demonstrate that the use of nonquantitative methods in oxygen-enhanced (OE) lung imaging can be problematic and to present a new approach for quantitative OE lung imaging, which fulfills the requirements for easy application in clinical practice.

Quantitative regional oxygen transfer imaging of the human lung.

This work introduces an MR-compatible active breathing control device (MR-ABC) that can be applied to lung imaging. An MR-ABC consists of a pneumotachograph for respiratory monitoring and an airway-sealing unit. Using an MR-ABC, the subjects were forced to suspend breathing for short time intervals, which were used in turn for data acquisition. While the breathing flow was stopped, data acquisition was triggered by ECG to achieve simultaneous cardiac and respiratory synchronization and thus avoid artifacts from blood flow or heart movement. The flow stoppage allowed a prolonged acquisition window of up to 1.5 sec. To evaluate the potential of an MR-ABC for segmented k-space acquisition, diaphragm displacement was investigated in five volunteers and compared with images acquired using breath-holding, a respiratory belt, and free breathing. Respiratory movement was comparatively low using the breath-hold approach, a respiratory belt or an MR-ABC. During free-breathing diaphragm displacement was comparatively large. To demonstrate the potential of an MR-ABC, lung MRI was performed using whole-chest 3D gradient-echo imaging, multislice turbo spin-echo (TSE) imaging, and short tau inversion recovery TSE (STIR-TSE). Cardiorespiratory synchronization was used for each sequence. None of the volunteers reported any discomfort or inconvenience when using an MR-ABC. Flow stoppage of up to 2.5 sec per breathing cycle was well tolerated, therefore allowing for a reduction of the total imaging time as compared to usage of a respiratory belt or MR navigator.

Lung MRI using an MR-compatible active breathing control (MR-ABC).

To present a single-shot perfusion imaging sequence that does not require contrast agents or a subtraction of a tag and a control image to create the perfusion-weighted contrast. The proposed method is based on SEEPAGE.

Assessment of pulmonary perfusion in a single shot using SEEPAGE.

Conductive implants are in most cases a strict contraindication for MRI examinations, as RF pulses applied during the MRI measurement can lead to severe heating of the surrounding tissue. Understanding and mapping of these heating effects is therefore crucial for determining the circumstances under which patient examinations are safe. The use of fluoroptic probes is the standard procedure for monitoring these heating effects. However, the observed temperature increase is highly dependent on the positioning of such a probe, as it can only determine the temperature locally. Temperature mapping with MRI after RF heating can be used, but cooling effects during imaging lead to a significant underestimation of the heating effect. In this work, an MRI thermometry method was combined with an MRI heating sequence, allowing for temperature mapping during RF heating. This technique may provide new opportunities for implant safety investigations.

MRI thermometry: Fast mapping of RF-induced heating along conductive wires.

To develop a magnetization transfer (MT) module in conjunction with a single-shot MRI readout technique and to investigate the MT phenomenon in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as an adjunct for radiation therapy planning.

Potential of magnetization transfer MRI for target volume definition in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Respiratory motion and pulsatile blood flow can generate artifacts in morphological and functional lung imaging. Total acquisition time, and thus the achievable signal to noise ratio, is limited when performing breath-hold and/or electrocardiogram-triggered imaging. To overcome these limitations, imaging during free respiration can be performed using respiratory gating/triggering devices or navigator echoes. However, these techniques provide only poor gating resolution and can induce saturation bands and signal fluctuations into the lung volume. In this work, acquisition schemes for nonphase encoded navigator echoes were implemented into different sequences for morphological and functional lung imaging at 1.5 Tesla (T) and 0.2T. The navigator echoes allow monitoring of respiratory motion and provide an ECG-trigger signal for correction of the heart cycle without influencing the imaged slices. Artifact free images acquired during free respiration using a 3D GE, 2D multislice TSE or multi-Gradient Echo sequence for oxygen-enhanced T(2)(*) quantification are presented.

Article	Year
Oxygen-enhanced proton imaging of the human lung using T2. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine\| PubMed ID: 15844155	2005
Single-shot quantitative perfusion imaging of the human lung. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine\| PubMed ID: 17089358	2006
Quantitative regional oxygen transfer imaging of the human lung. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI\| PubMed ID: 17685416	2007
Lung MRI using an MR-compatible active breathing control (MR-ABC). Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine\| PubMed ID: 18046706	2007
Assessment of pulmonary perfusion in a single shot using SEEPAGE. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI\| PubMed ID: 18050353	2008
MRI thermometry: Fast mapping of RF-induced heating along conductive wires. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine\| PubMed ID: 18570323	2008
Potential of magnetization transfer MRI for target volume definition in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI\| PubMed ID: 19025950	2008
Lung imaging under free-breathing conditions. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine\| PubMed ID: 19097250	2009

Eberhard D. Pracht

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