Method Article

Met behulp van Tomoauto: Een protocol voor High-throughput Automated Cryo-electron tomography

DOI:

10.3791/53608

January 30th, 2016

In This Article

Summary

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We presenteren een protocol over hoe om high-throughput cryo-electron tomography gebruiken om hoge resolutie in situ structuren van moleculaire machines te bepalen. Het protocol maakt grote hoeveelheden gegevens te verwerken, vermijdt gemeenschappelijke resource bottlenecks en vermindert stilstand, zodat de gebruiker zich concentreren op belangrijke biologische vragen.

Abstract

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Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) is a powerful three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique for visualizing macromolecular complexes in their native context at a molecular level. The technique involves initially preserving the sample in its native state by rapidly freezing the specimen in vitreous ice, then collecting a series of micrographs from different angles at high magnification, and finally computationally reconstructing a 3-D density map. The frozen-hydrated specimen is extremely sensitive to the electron beam and so micrographs are collected at very low electron doses to limit the radiation damage. As a result, the raw cryo-tomogram has a very low signal to noise ratio characterized by an intrinsically noisy image. To better visualize subjects of interest, conventional imaging analysis and sub-tomogram averaging in which sub-tomograms of the subject are extracted from the initial tomogram and aligned and averaged are utilized to improve both contrast and resolution. Large datasets of tilt-series are essential to understanding and resolving the complexes at different states, conditions, or mutations as well as obtaining a large enough collection of sub-tomograms for averaging and classification. Collecting and processing this data can be a major obstacle preventing further analysis. Here we describe a high-throughput cryo-ET protocol based on a computer-controlled 300kV cryo-electron microscope, a direct detection device (DDD) camera and a highly effective, semi-automated image-processing pipeline software wrapper library tomoauto developed in-house. This protocol has been effectively utilized to visualize the intact type III secretion system (T3SS) in Shigella flexneri minicells. It can be applicable to any project suitable for cryo-ET.

Introduction

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Type III secretie systeem (T3SS) zijn essentiële virulentie determinanten voor vele Gram-negatieve pathogenen. De injectisome, ook bekend als de naald complex, is de centrale T3SS machine vereist voor directe translocatie van effector eiwitten van de bacterie in eukaryote gastheercellen 1, 2. De injectisome omvat een extracellulair naald, een basale lichaamstemperatuur, en een cytoplasmatisch complex ook bekende als sorteren complex 3. Eerdere studies hebben opgehelderd 3-D structuur van gezuiverd injectisomes van Salmonella en Shigella, evenals de atomaire structuur van grote basale lichaamseiwitten 4, 5. Recente

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Protocol

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1. Minicel Voorbereiding

  1. S. maken flexneri minicellen, transformeren 1 pl plasmide pBS58, die constitutief uitdrukt Escherichia coli celdeling genen FtsQ, ftsA en ftsZ van een low-copy spectinomycine-resistente plasmide in 5 ul elektrocompetente streptomycine resistente serotype 5a (M90T-Sm) cellen door elektroporatie op 2,5 kV voor 5 msec bij 1 mm cuvettes.
  2. WINKEL minicel monsters bij -80 ° C in 15% glycerol in 1,5 ml microbuisjes cryogeen. Wanneer klaar voor gebruik, schraap ongeveer 5 ul van cellen uit het ontdooid microbuisjes met een pipet tip en schorten de cellen in 4 ml tryptische soja bouillon....

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Results

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Monsters van minicellen S. flexneri werden ingezameld en verwerkt zoals getoond in de schematische figuur 1 via tomoauto na de pijpleiding gedetailleerd in figuur 2. Tilt-serie werden verzameld met behulp SerialEM 10, die zorgt voor high-throughput-tilt series verwerving punten door de gebruiker aangewezen lage vergroting montage maps (figuur 3). Microfoto's werden verzameld met behulp van dosis.......

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Discussion

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De high-throughput hier beschreven methode ons in staat om 1917 cryo tilt-serie te verwerken en produceren meer dan 4.500 sub-tomogram van de intacte S. flexneri injectisome 19. De verzamelde gegevens tot de gedetailleerde karakterisatie van in situ injectisome, waaronder het cytoplasmatische sorteren complex. De werkwijze werd eveneens toegepast om verschillende mutantcellen visualiseren specifieke deletie van vermoedelijke eiwitcomponenten, die hielp verhelderen de samens.......

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Disclosures

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De auteurs verklaren dat ze geen concurrerende financiële belangen.

Acknowledgements

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Wij danken Dr. William Margolin voor commentaar. We zijn dankbaar voor de steun op SerialEM van Drs. David Mastronarde en Chen Xu. DM, BH en JL werden ondersteund door Grant R01AI087946 van het Nationaal Instituut voor Allergie en Besmettelijke Ziekten, subsidies R01GM110243 en R01GM107629 van het National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) en Grant AU-1714 van de Welch Foundation. De directe elektron detector werd gefinancierd door de National Institutes of Health Award S10OD016279.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
GlycerolSigma-AldrichG9012
Tyrptic Soy BrothSigma-Aldrich22092
SpectinomycinSigma-AldrichS0692
Electroporation ApparatusBio-rad165-2100
1 mm CuvetteBTX45-0124
1.5 ml Cryogenic TubeThermoscientific5000-1020
1.5 ml Microcentrifuge TubeSigma-AldrichZ336769
Holey Carbon GridsQuantifoil
(Electron Microscopy Sciences)
Q2100CR2R2/2 200 Cu
Glow Discharge DeviceIn-HouseCommercial Alternative Available
Vacuum DesiccatorSigma-AldrichZ119016 Used in In-House Glow Discharge Device
High-Frequency GeneratorElectro-Technic ProductsBD-10AUsed in In-House Glow Discharge Device.  CAUTION: This device generates high voltages.
Centrifuge
ForcepsDumont
(Electron Microscopy Sciences)
72705-DStyle 5 Anti-magnetic
Colliodal GoldAurionBSA 10nm
Filter PaperWhatman#2
Ethane Matheson Tri-GasUN1035
NitrogenMatheson Tri-GasUN1977
Plunger DeviceIn-HouseCommercial Alternative Available
Cryogenic Grid Storage BoxElectron Microscopy Sciences71166-30
Transmission Electron MicroscopeFEITecnai Polara F30
(300 KeV)
Direct Detection Device CameraGatanK2 Summit
Tomogram Acquisiton SoftwareSerialEMhttp://bio3d.colorado.eud/SerialEM Alternatives: UCSF Tomography, Leginon, FEI Batch Tomography
Beam-induced Motion Correction SoftwareMOTIONCORRhttp://cryoem.ucsf.edu/software/driftcorr.html Requires >2GB Nvidia GPU
Tilt-Series Alignment SoftwareIMODhttp://bio3d.colorado.edu/IMOD Alternatives: XMIPP, Protomo
Automatic Fiducial Marker Modelling SoftwareIMODAlternatives: RAPTOR (Included in IMOD0
(Usable in tomoauto)
CTF Determination SoftwareIMODAlternatives: CTFFIND http://grigoriefflab.janelia.org/ctf
(Usable in tomoauto)
Tilt-Series Reconstruction Softwaretomo3dhttps://sites.google.com/site/3demimageprocessing/tomo3d Alternatives: IMOD, XMIPP http://xmipp.cnb.csic.es , Protomo
Tilt-Series Automated Processing Softwaretomoautohttps://github.com/DustinMorado/tomoauto
Particle Picking Softwarei3http://www.electrontomography.org Alternatives: IMOD
Subvolume Averaging Softwarei3Alternatives: PEET http://bio3d.colorado.edu/PEET, Dynamo https://dynamo.bioz.unibas.ch , PyTom http://pytom.org

References

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  1. Cornelis, G. R. The type III secretion injectisome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 (11), 811-825 (2006).
  2. Galan, J. E., Wolf-Watz, H. Protein delivery into eukaryotic cells by type III secretion machines. Nature. 444 (7119), 567-573 (2006).
  3. Kubori, T., et al.

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Tags

Cryo electron TomographyHigh throughput AutomationTilt series ProcessingSub tomogram AveragingSerialEM SoftwareTomoauto PipelineDirect Detection CameraFiducial Marker AlignmentCTF Correction3D Reconstruction

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