Maiken Nedergaard Center for Translational Neuromedicine University of Rochester Medical Center Biography Publications Institution JoVE Articles Maiken Nedergaard has not added a biography. If you are Maiken Nedergaard and would like to personalize this page please email our Author Liaison for assistance. Publications Astrocytic Connexin 43 Potentiates Myelin Injury in Ischemic White Matter Disease Theranostics. 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31285774 Cellular Control of Brain Capillary Blood Flow: In Vivo Imaging Veritas Trends in Neurosciences. Aug, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31255380 Dysregulated Glial Differentiation in Schizophrenia May Be Relieved by Suppression of SMAD4- and REST-Dependent Signaling Cell Reports. Jun, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31242417 Hydraulic Resistance of Periarterial Spaces in the Brain Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. Jun, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31217012 Impaired Glymphatic Transport in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Jun, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31209176 Oxygen Tension-mediated Erythrocyte Membrane Interactions Regulate Cerebral Capillary Hyperemia Science Advances. May, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31149638 When the Air Hits Your Brain: Decreased Arterial Pulsatility After Craniectomy Leading to Impaired Glymphatic Flow Journal of Neurosurgery. May, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31100725 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism Induces Neuroprotection and Facilitates Recovery from Acute Ischemic Stroke Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. May, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31097598 Dexmedetomidine Enhances Glymphatic Brain Delivery of Intrathecally Administered Drugs Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. Jun, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31067483 Increased Glymphatic Influx is Correlated with High EEG Delta Power and Low Heart Rate in Mice Under Anesthesia Science Advances. Feb, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 30820460 Aquaporin-4-dependent Glymphatic Solute Transport in the Rodent Brain ELife. 12, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30561329 Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid is Driven by Arterial Pulsations and is Reduced in Hypertension Nature Communications. 11, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30451853 The Glymphatic Pathway in Neurological Disorders The Lancet. Neurology. 11, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30353860 Transcranial Optical Imaging Reveals a Pathway for Optimizing the Delivery of Immunotherapeutics to the Brain JCI Insight. 10, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30333324 Understanding the Role of the Perivascular Space in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Cardiovascular Research. May, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29726891 Small Vessels, Dementia and Chronic Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiology Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). Apr, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29712883 Beneficial Effects of Low Alcohol Exposure, but Adverse Effects of High Alcohol Intake on Glymphatic Function Scientific Reports. Feb, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29396480 Fluorescent Ca Indicators Directly Inhibit the Na,K-ATPase and Disrupt Cellular Functions Science Signaling. 01, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29382785 Physiology of Astroglia Physiological Reviews. Jan, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29351512 The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future Annual Review of Pathology. Jan, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29195051 Voluntary Running Enhances Glymphatic Influx in Awake Behaving, Young Mice Neuroscience Letters. Jan, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29079431 Quantitative Gd-DOTA Uptake from Cerebrospinal Fluid into Rat Brain Using 3D VFA-SPGR at 9.4T Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Mar, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 28627037 Brain Energetics During the Sleep-wake Cycle Current Opinion in Neurobiology. Dec, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29024871 Understanding the Functions and Relationships of the Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatics The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Sep, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28862640 Do Evolutionary Changes in Astrocytes Contribute to the Computational Power of the Hominid Brain? Neurochemical Research. Sep, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28822066 Perivascular Spaces, Glymphatic Dysfunction, and Small Vessel Disease Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). Sep, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28798076 Human IPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia Cell Stem Cell. Aug, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28736215 SOX9 Is an Astrocyte-Specific Nuclear Marker in the Adult Brain Outside the Neurogenic Regions The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Apr, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28336567 Cerebrospinal Fluid Clearance in Alzheimer Disease Measured with Dynamic PET Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. Sep, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28302766 Does Global Astrocytic Calcium Signaling Participate in Awake Brain State Transitions and Neuronal Circuit Function? Neurochemical Research. Jun, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28210958 Focal Solute Trapping and Global Glymphatic Pathway Impairment in a Murine Model of Multiple Microinfarcts The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Mar, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28188218 Erratum To: Glymphatic Distribution of CSF-derived ApoE into Brain is Isoform Specific and Suppressed During Sleep Deprivation Molecular Neurodegeneration. 01, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28081701 Glymphatic Clearance Controls State-dependent Changes in Brain Lactate Concentration Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Jun, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 27481936 Impairment of the Glymphatic System After Diabetes Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Apr, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 27306755 Glymphatic Distribution of CSF-derived ApoE into Brain is Isoform Specific and Suppressed During Sleep Deprivation Molecular Neurodegeneration. 12, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27931262 A Novel Model of Transient Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in Awake Mice Journal of Nature and Science. 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27774515 Erythrocytes Are Oxygen-Sensing Regulators of the Cerebral Microcirculation Neuron. Aug, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27499087 Sulforhodamine 101, a Widely Used Astrocyte Marker, Can Induce Cortical Seizure-like Activity at Concentrations Commonly Used Scientific Reports. 07, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27457281 The Homeostatic Astroglia Emerges from Evolutionary Specialization of Neural Cells Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 08, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27377722 Human Glia Can Both Induce and Rescue Aspects of Disease Phenotype in Huntington Disease Nature Communications. Jun, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27273432 Suppression of Glymphatic Fluid Transport in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Neurobiology of Disease. 09, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27234656 Changes in the Composition of Brain Interstitial Ions Control the Sleep-wake Cycle Science (New York, N.Y.). Apr, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27126038 Purinergic Receptor P2RY12-dependent Microglial Closure of the Injured Blood-brain Barrier Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Jan, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26755608 Ultra-fast Magnetic Resonance Encephalography of Physiological Brain Activity - Glymphatic Pulsation Mechanisms? Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 06, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26690495 Cerebral Microcirculatory Failure After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is Reversed by Hyaluronidase Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 09, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26661183 Implications of the Discovery of Brain Lymphatic Pathways The Lancet. Neurology. Oct, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26376966 A Distinct Population of Microglia Supports Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Aug, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26311768 Modeling Cognition and Disease Using Human Glial Chimeric Mice Glia. Aug, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26010831 Filtering the Muddied Waters of Brain Edema Trends in Neurosciences. Jun, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26008121 The Glymphatic System: A Beginner's Guide Neurochemical Research. Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25947369 Direct Neuronal Glucose Uptake Heralds Activity-dependent Increases in Cerebral Metabolism Nature Communications. Apr, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25904018 Why Have We Not Yet Developed a Simple Blood Test for TBI? Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. May, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25821902 Modern Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Research and Heinrich Quincke's Seminal 1872 Article on the Distribution of Cinnabar in Freely Moving Animals The Journal of Comparative Neurology. Aug, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25684428 Biomarkers of Traumatic Injury Are Transported from Brain to Blood Via the Glymphatic System The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Jan, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25589747 Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Including Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. Jun, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25510382 The Pathophysiology Underlying Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a Novel Mouse Model of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Surgical Neurology International. 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25593768 How Do Astrocytes Participate in Neural Plasticity? Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25502516 Impairment of Glymphatic Pathway Function Promotes Tau Pathology After Traumatic Brain Injury The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25471560 Drowning Stars: Reassessing the Role of Astrocytes in Brain Edema Trends in Neurosciences. Nov, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25236348 Fine-tuning the Central Nervous System: Microglial Modelling of Cells and Synapses Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. Oct, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25225087 Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Reactive Astrogliosis and Seizures in Mouse Models of Alexander Disease Brain Research. Sep, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25069089 The Spectrum of Neurobehavioral Sequelae After Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: a Novel Mouse Model of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Journal of Neurotrauma. Jul, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24766454 A Novel Technique for Morphometric Quantification of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-induced Microglia Activation Journal of Neuroscience Methods. May, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24735531 Contributions of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, NKCC1, and Kir4.1 to Hippocampal K⁺ Clearance and Volume Responses Glia. Apr, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24482245 Rapid Manifestation of Reactive Astrogliosis in Acute Hippocampal Brain Slices Glia. Jan, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24272704 White Matter Astrocytes in Health and Disease Neuroscience. Sep, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24231735 Cerebral Arterial Pulsation Drives Paravascular CSF-interstitial Fluid Exchange in the Murine Brain The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Nov, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24227727 Photolysis of Caged Ca2+ but Not Receptor-mediated Ca2+ Signaling Triggers Astrocytic Glutamate Release The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Oct, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24174673 α1-Adrenergic Receptors Mediate Coordinated Ca2+ Signaling of Cortical Astrocytes in Awake, Behaving Mice Cell Calcium. Dec, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24138901 Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain Science (New York, N.Y.). Oct, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24136970 Paravascular Microcirculation Facilitates Rapid Lipid Transport and Astrocyte Signaling in the Brain Scientific Reports. 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24002448 Neuroscience. Garbage Truck of the Brain Science (New York, N.Y.). Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23812703 Sustained Mobilization of Endogenous Neural Progenitors Delays Disease Progression in a Transgenic Model of Huntington's Disease Cell Stem Cell. Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23746982 Is There a Cerebral Lymphatic System? Stroke. Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23709744 Evaluating Glymphatic Pathway Function Utilizing Clinically Relevant Intrathecal Infusion of CSF Tracer Journal of Translational Medicine. May, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23635358 In Vivo NADH Fluorescence Imaging Indicates Effect of Aquaporin-4 Deletion on Oxygen Microdistribution in Cortical Spreading Depression Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Jul, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23611872 Forebrain Engraftment by Human Glial Progenitor Cells Enhances Synaptic Plasticity and Learning in Adult Mice Cell Stem Cell. Mar, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23472873 'Hit & Run' Model of Closed-skull Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Reveals Complex Patterns of Post-traumatic AQP4 Dysregulation Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23443171 Brain-wide Pathway for Waste Clearance Captured by Contrast-enhanced MRI The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Mar, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23434588 P2X Receptors in Neuroglia Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Membrane Transport and Signaling. 2012 | Pubmed ID: 24349942 Cognitive Deficits and Delayed Neuronal Loss in a Mouse Model of Multiple Microinfarcts The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Dec, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 23238711 Glial Progenitor Cell-based Treatment and Modeling of Neurological Disease Science (New York, N.Y.). Oct, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 23112326 General Anesthesia Selectively Disrupts Astrocyte Calcium Signaling in the Awake Mouse Cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Nov, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 23112168 Molecular Scaffolds Underpinning Macroglial Polarization: an Analysis of Retinal Müller Cells and Brain Astrocytes in Mouse Glia. Dec, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22987438 A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β Science Translational Medicine. Aug, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22896675 The Locus Coeruleus-norepinephrine Network Optimizes Coupling of Cerebral Blood Volume with Oxygen Demand Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Dec, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22872230 Alexander Disease The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Apr, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22496548 Neuronal Adenosine Release, and Not Astrocytic ATP Release, Mediates Feedback Inhibition of Excitatory Activity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Apr, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22421436 Critical Role of Connexin 43 in Secondary Expansion of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Mar, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22399755 Heterogeneity of Astrocytic Form and Function Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22144298 Cultured Astrocytes Do Not Release Adenosine During Hypoxic Conditions Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 21989480 Critical Role of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in Astrocytic Ca2+ Signaling Events Elicited by Cerebral Edema Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Jan, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21187412 Two-photon NADH Imaging Exposes Boundaries of Oxygen Diffusion in Cortical Vascular Supply Regions Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. Jan, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 20859293 Sulforhodamine 101 Induces Long-term Potentiation of Intrinsic Excitability and Synaptic Efficacy in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Neuroscience. Sep, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20600669 Adenosine A1 Receptors Mediate Local Anti-nociceptive Effects of Acupuncture Nature Neuroscience. Jul, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20512135 Adrenoceptors in Brain: Cellular Gene Expression and Effects on Astrocytic Metabolism and [Ca(2+)]i Neurochemistry International. Nov, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20380860 Calcium Dyshomeostasis and Pathological Calcium Signalling in Neurological Diseases Cell Calcium. Feb, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20079921 Glial Calcium and Diseases of the Nervous System Cell Calcium. Feb, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20045186 Systemic Administration of an Antagonist of the ATP-sensitive Receptor P2X7 Improves Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Jul, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19666625 Uniquely Hominid Features of Adult Human Astrocytes The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Mar, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19279265 Physiological and Pathological Functions of P2X7 Receptor in the Spinal Cord Purinergic Signalling. Jun, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19205927 Astrocytes and Ischemic Injury Stroke. Mar, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19064795 Astrocytic Calcium Signaling: Mechanism and Implications for Functional Brain Imaging Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2009 | Pubmed ID: 18839089 Neonatal Chimerization with Human Glial Progenitor Cells Can Both Remyelinate and Rescue the Otherwise Lethally Hypomyelinated Shiverer Mouse Cell Stem Cell. Jun, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18522848 Connexin 43 Hemichannels Are Permeable to ATP The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Apr, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18448647 Loss of Astrocytic Domain Organization in the Epileptic Brain The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Mar, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18367594 The Transcriptome and Metabolic Gene Signature of Protoplasmic Astrocytes in the Adult Murine Cortex The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. Nov, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17989291 Resolving Vesicle Fusion from Lysis to Monitor Calcium-triggered Lysosomal Exocytosis in Astrocytes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Aug, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17715060 Cortical Spreading Depression Causes and Coincides with Tissue Hypoxia Nature Neuroscience. Jun, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17468748 Two-photon Imaging of Astrocytic Ca2+ Signaling and the Microvasculature in Experimental Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Feb, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17413008 Purinergic Signaling Regulates Neural Progenitor Cell Expansion and Neurogenesis Developmental Biology. Feb, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17188262 Imaging of Cortical Astrocytes Using 2-photon Laser Scanning Microscopy in the Intact Mouse Brain Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Sep, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17045697 Astrocytic Complexity Distinguishes the Human Brain Trends in Neurosciences. Oct, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16938356 Astrocytic Ca2+ Signaling Evoked by Sensory Stimulation in Vivo Nature Neuroscience. Jun, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16699507 Receptor-mediated Glutamate Release from Volume Sensitive Channels in Astrocytes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Nov, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16254051 An Astrocytic Basis of Epilepsy Nature Medicine. Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16116433 Role of Glial Cells in Cerebral Ischemia Glia. Jun, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15846807 P2X7 Receptor Inhibition Improves Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury Nature Medicine. Aug, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15258577 ב Vivo הדמיה של התחבורה נוזל שדרתי דרך הגולגולת העכבר ללא שינוי באמצעות זריחה מאקרוסקופיה Amanda M Sweeney*1, Virginia Plá*1, Ting Du1, Guojun Liu1, Qian Sun1, Sisi Peng1, Benjamin A. Plog1, Benjamin T. Kress1, Xiaowei Wang1, Humberto Mestre1, Maiken Nedergaard1,2 1Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 2Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen JoVE 59774 Neuroscience השרשה בצינורית לתוך המלון Cisterna של מכרסמים Anna L.R. Xavier1, Natalie Linea Hauglund1, Stephanie von Holstein-Rathlou1, Qianliang Li1, Simon Sanggaard1,2, Nanhong Lou3, Iben Lundgaard3,4, Maiken Nedergaard1,3 1Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Therapeutics, University of Copenhagen, 2Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, 3Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 4Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University JoVE 57378 Neuroscience
ב Vivo הדמיה של התחבורה נוזל שדרתי דרך הגולגולת העכבר ללא שינוי באמצעות זריחה מאקרוסקופיה Amanda M Sweeney*1, Virginia Plá*1, Ting Du1, Guojun Liu1, Qian Sun1, Sisi Peng1, Benjamin A. Plog1, Benjamin T. Kress1, Xiaowei Wang1, Humberto Mestre1, Maiken Nedergaard1,2 1Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 2Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen JoVE 59774 Neuroscience
השרשה בצינורית לתוך המלון Cisterna של מכרסמים Anna L.R. Xavier1, Natalie Linea Hauglund1, Stephanie von Holstein-Rathlou1, Qianliang Li1, Simon Sanggaard1,2, Nanhong Lou3, Iben Lundgaard3,4, Maiken Nedergaard1,3 1Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Therapeutics, University of Copenhagen, 2Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, 3Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Therapeutics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 4Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University JoVE 57378 Neuroscience