We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.
Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 μM in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.
Pulmonary hypertension is normal during intrauterine life since the placenta serves as the major organ of gas exchange and only 10% of the cardiac output is circulated through the pulmonary vascular bed. In utero, pulmonary pressures are similar to systemic pressures due to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. As gestation progresses, there is rapid growth of the small PA within the lung, preparing the fetus for the dramatic increase in pulmonary blood flow that occurs at birth1. When the normal perinatal transition fails in near-term and full term infants, the result is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). PPHN is a clinical syndrome caused by many different underlying pathologies. However, all of these infants share common pathophysiologic features such as elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, hypoxemia, and right-to-left shunting of blood flow across persistent fetal connections such as the ductus arteriosus or foramen ovale. PPHN affects 2-6 per 1,000 live births and conveys an 8-10% risk of mortality as well as significant short-term and long-term morbidity2. Additionally, very low birth weight premature infants may develop pulmonary hypertension as a result of their underlying lung disease. The most common underlying lung disease of premature infants is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). While the overall risk of BPD correlates with gestational age and birth weight, it remains unclear why a subset of these infants develops significant pulmonary hypertension and how to appropriately treat these infants. Poor outcomes, including prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality, are common3-6.
Historically, ovine fetal PASMC or porcine fetal PASMC from healthy animals have been used to study the signaling pathways involved in the normal pulmonary vascular transition after birth. These are typically isolated from fifth generation resistance PA of an ovine or porcine fetus that is delivered and euthanized prior to any spontaneous respiration7-9. Additionally, some investigators have isolated and utilized PASMC from slightly older and spontaneously breathing lambs and piglets at 3 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks10-12. More recently, some groups have successfully isolated and utilized PASMC isolated from lambs with PPHN to examine the derangements in signaling pathways in the disease state13-17. These cells have proved to be a valuable tool to examine which signaling pathways are crucial in both the normal and diseased near-term and term pulmonary vasculature. However, they do not give insight into the signaling pathways impacted in premature infants with pulmonary hypertension. Nor do they allow the possibilities of genetic manipulation seen in mouse models of disease.
Rat and mouse models have long been used to model BPD and more recently are being used to model pulmonary hypertension resulting from BPD18-22. Neonatal rats are enticing to work with due to their larger size, but they also suffer from lack of potential for genetic modification. Genetically modified animals have been extensively used to investigate the effects of specific gene targets on whole animal physiology in neonatal mice, but to date no one has previously successfully isolated PASMC from these small mice. By isolating PASMC, greater information can be obtained about how pathways change in response to environmental stimuli and/or genetic modification specifically in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Additionally, live PASMC can be imaged in real time to examine rapid changes in key signaling molecules such as calcium and reactive oxygen species23-25. We recently described the successful isolation of PASMC from adult mice using a variation of the technique of Marshall et al.26 used to isolate rat PASMC23,25,26. We now have adapted and extended this technique to small mice 7-21 days of age (P7, P14, and P21). The primary limitation to this new PASMC isolation technique is that it requires multiple mice to generate sufficient cells for experiments and that the cells grow very slowly, which is characteristic of primary smooth muscle cells. Despite these limitations, we believe this technique to isolate neonatal mouse PASMC will allow for the enhanced investigation of key signaling pathways involved in the development of pulmonary hypertension and represents a significant advance in this field.
In this manuscript, we describe for the first time the isolation of PASMC from mice at P7, P14, and P21. In order to accomplish this, a slurry of agarose and 0.2 μM iron particles are infused through the RV into the PA. Due to the small size of the iron particles, they cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed and are thus deposited in the small PA. The lungs are inflated, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled out of solution using a magnet. Ultimately, the vessels are plated into a t…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported by NIH HL109478 (KNF). The authors acknowledge and thank Gina Kim and Joann Taylor for their assistance in isolating and maintaining the PASMC in culture.
Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
Bard Parker surgical blade handle | BD | 371030 | |
Stainless steel surgical blades #10 (sterile) | Miltex | 4-310 | |
Syringes (3 ml and 5 ml, sterile) | BD | 309657 and 306646 | |
Needles (27 G, sterile) | BD | 305109 | |
Angiocatheter (24 G, sterile) | BD | 381412 | |
Monoject blunt cannula (15 G) | Kendall | SWD202314Z | |
Sutures | Fisher Scientific | NC9782896 | |
Dynal magnet particle collector | Invitrogen | 120-01D | This is a critical tool for the protocol. |
Tissue culture plates (35 mm, 60 mm, and 10 cm, sterile) | BD | 353001, 353004, and 353003 | Any brand of tissue culture plates will be fine. |
Iris Scissors (4 ½ inch stainless steel) | American Diagnostic Corporation | 3424 | |
Forceps (4 inch stainless steel) | Quick Medical | L5-5004 | |
D-PBS | Mediatech | 21-031-CV | |
M199 media | Mediatech | 10-060-CV | |
Penicillin/streptomycin | VWR | TX16777-164NWU | |
Fetal bovine serum | Hyclone/Thermo Scientific | SH3091003 | Heat inactivate at 55 °C for 45 min. For consistency in results, lot match all serum and obtain from same vendor. |
Iron particles (iron (II, III) oxide powder) | Aldrich Chemical Company | #31,006-9 | |
Agarose | Sigma | A9539 | |
Collagenase (made to 80 U/ml) | Sigma | C5138 | |
Isoflurane | Butlet Schein | NDC 11695-6776-1 | |
Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U with a Cascade Photometrics 12-bit camera | Nikon | TE2000-U | Any good light microscope will be fine to observe PASMC in culture. |
Anti-desmin antibody | Sigma | D-8281 | Use at 1:200 dilution for immunostaining. |
Anti-smooth muscle myosin | Biomedical Technologies | BT-562 | Use at 1:2,000 dilution for immunostaining. |
Rhodamine-red anti-rabbit secondary | Molecular Probes/Invitrogen | R-6394 | Use at 1:200 dilution for immunostaining. |
Nikon Eclipse TE-300 fluorescent microscope and Cool Snap digital camera | Nikon | TE300 | Any good epifluorescence microscope will be fine for immunostaining. |
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit | Enzo Life Sciences | BML-AK800-0001 | This is the only colorimetric PDE enzyme activity assay available. |
Sildenafil | Sigma | PZ-0003 | A PDE5-selective inhibitor is required for the PDE enzyme activity to determine specificity of cGMP hydrolysis. |