3D Etkileşimleri Çalışmaları 3D Kollajen jeller ve Mikrokanallarda Hazırlanması<em> İn Vivo</em
Summary
Kolajen ECM temel bir bileşenidir ve göç farklılaşma ve çoğalması kadar çeşitli hücresel süreçler için gerekli ipuçları sağlar. 3D kolajen hidrojellerin içinde hücreleri gömmek için bir protokol ve PDMS mikrokanallar kullanılarak randomize veya hizalanmış kollajen matrisleri oluşturmak için daha gelişmiş bir teknik burada sağlanmıştır.
Abstract
Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.
Introduction
Many cellular processes have been extensively studied in 2 dimensions, thereby forming a collective knowledge of basic cell signaling mechanisms. These studies, however, neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local cellular microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To better understand how cells interact within a physiological context, it is important to study them in 3-dimensional (3D) assays. The ECM for these 3D assays can either be cell-derived or reconstituted from purified proteins. Regardless of the source of the ECM, 3D matrix assays have proven to be invaluable for understanding how cells navigate and interact within the physiological world. For example, cells grown in 3D matrices display distinct modes of locomotion that depend on the mechanical nature of their surrounding ECM which are not observed in 2D experiments4-6. Moreover, cells cultured in 3D also have fewer and less pronounced stress fibers and focal adhesions than their counterparts grown on hard surfaces such as glass or plastic7.
The importance of contextual 3D assays is not limited to cell migration, however. Some other cell signaling events can only be investigated through the use of 3D assays. During tissue and cell differentiation, the stiffness of the extracellular environment and ECM provides signals that can influence morphogenic events. For example, mammary epithelial tubulogenesis only occurs in low stiffness 3D matrices, but not in stiff matrices nor on 2D substrata8,9. When cultured within stiff 3D matrices, these same epithelial cells take on an aberrant phenotype with increased proliferation and cell membrane protrusions driven through altered FAK and ERK signaling10. Many other signaling pathways and cellular processes are known to be similarly affected by the stiffness of the local cellular environment, and these signaling cascades highlight the importance of investigating signaling events and cellular phenotype in the context of appropriate local mechanical properties of a 3D ECM.
Collagen I is a particularly relevant protein to use for in vitro studies as it is the most abundant component of the ECM and is responsible for many of the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment. While it was originally thought of as merely a structural protein, its role is now known to be much more complex. Collagen fiber composition, architecture, orientation, density, and stiffness all provide a concentrated milieu of signaling information5. During the progression of certain diseases, such as chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, the collagen network is dramatically remodeled2,11. More specifically in breast cancers, increased collagen deposition and tissue stiffness accompany and likely contribute to tumor progression. In these early tumors, the stiffened collagen network appears strained and more aligned, such that most of the fibers encapsulate the growing tumor2. As the tumor progresses, the collagen continues to reorganize, and regions of the fibrillar network become orientated perpendicular to the tumor boundary2,12. Perpendicular alignment serves as a prognostic biomarker where these patients have a poorer disease free progression and overall survival1. One explanation for this correlation is that the poor outcomes are a consequence of increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent cell migration in aligned collagen networks3.
To understand how cells specifically respond to alignment and organization that is observed in tumor progression, it is necessary to generate both random and aligned 3D collagen matrices for experimentation. There are three basic methodologies to induce alignment within fibrillar networks. The first technique utilizes a strain-inducing device where the collagen between two points is contracted or stretched to generate alignment. Fibers parallel to the axis of force are pulled taut while fibers perpendicular to the axis are compressed and buckled. While strain-induced techniques typically offer superb alignment, this approach requires bulky equipment that is not easily adaptable to many platforms3,13. Alternatively, cell-induced strain can be created by placing localized plugs of cells that subsequently contract and align the collagen13. This method has the problem of being variable, as many parameters may be subject to change. The second method utilizes magnetic beads and a magnetic field during polymerization to induce collagen alignment13,14. Good results can be obtained from this method with unsophisticated equipment, but it does require the use of antibodies or some other method to magnetize the polymer. Therefore, it can be somewhat expensive to use, and the stiffness of the collagen gel is potentially modified by the increased connections in the network. Moreover, the magnetic beads used in this process are often autofluorescent, which is problematic for imaging experiments. Lastly, alignment can be generated by PDMS microfluidic channels3,15,16. In this method, collagen alignment is achieved by flowing polymerizing collagen through small microfluidic channels. These microfluidic channels can be made in a multitude of designs, and are easily adaptable to many platforms. Moreover, they are very economical as very small quantities of collagen and other reagents are used due to their diminutive sizes.
Provided here is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. In addition, a more advanced technique, wherein PDMS microfluidic channels are used to control the organization and alignment of the collagen matrix is also provided. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
3D kollajen jeller hücreleri yorumlamak anlamak ve kendi yerel mikroçevresinin yanıt vermek alet değerli bir katkı vardır. Bu el yazması bir 3D kollajen matriks içinde hücreleri gömmek için çok temel bir protokol sağlamıştır ve tekrarlanabilir rastgele veya hizalanmış kollajen lifleri ile matrisler oluşturmak için. Her iki protokol, farklı kollagen izoformlar, çapraz bağlayıcılar, ve diğer matris proteinleri, potansiyel olarak polimerizasyon sırasında ilave edilebilir şekilde adapte platform…
Offenlegungen
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Yazarlar bu çalışmayı finanse edilmesi için hibe numaraları UO1CA143069, R01CA142833, R01CA114462, RO1CA179556, T32-AG000213-24 ve T32-GM008692-18 kabul etmek istiyorum. Biz de BT-YANGIN analizi ile geliştirilmesi ve yardım için loci Jeremy Bredfelt ve Yuming Liu kabul.
Materials
| High Concentration Rat tail Collagen | Corning | 354249 | |
| SylGard184 elastomer kit | Corning | NC9285739 | Elastomer for PDMS channels |
| HEPES | Fisher | BP310 | For HEPES neutralization buffer |
| KCl | Fisher | BP366 | For HEPES neutralization buffer |
| KH2PO4 | Fisher | BP362 | For HEPES neutralization buffer |
| Na2HPO4 | Fisher | S374 | For HEPES neutralization buffer |
| NaCl | Fisher | BP358 | For HEPES neutralization buffer |
| Levy Improved Neubauer Hemacytometer | Fisher | 15170-208 | cell counting |
| 6-well non-tissue culture plate | Corning | 351146 | |
| 50 mm glass bottom dish | MatTek | P50g-1.5-30-f | |
| Bel-Art Plastic Vacuum Desiccator | Bel-Art | F4200-2021 | Degassing chamber for PDMS |
| transparency film | 3M | pp2950 | Plastic film for pouring pdms channels |
| ThermoScientific CimaRec | ThermoScientific | HP141925 | Hot plate for curing PDMS microchannels |
| Vacuum regulator | Precision Medical | PM3100 | Vacuum regulator for collagen microchannels |
| 8" X 8" rubber sheet | Amazon – Rubber-Cal | Silicone – 60A | rubber sheet for pouring PDMS microchannel |
| 8" X 8" X .125" acrylic sheet | Amazon | Plexiglass sheets | for pouring PDMS microchannels |
| 10 lb weights | Amazon | CAP Barbell | for pouring PDMS microchannels |
| 15 ml Conical tubes | Fisher | 352097 | |
| 50 ml Conical tubes | Fisher | 352098 | |
| Plastic pipets | Dot Scientific | 229202B, 229206B, and 667225B | 2ml, 5ml, and 25ml |
| 70%EtOH | Fisher | NC9663244 |
Referenzen
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