无铅光伏吸收剂的溶液处理 "银铋碘" 三元薄膜
Summary
在此, 我们提出了解决方案处理的银铋碘 (银双 I) 三元半导体薄膜制备的2涂层透明电极的详细协议及其作为空气稳定和无铅的潜在应用光电器件。
Abstract
铋基混合 perovskites 被认为是有前景的光活性半导体, 用于环境友好和空气稳定的太阳能电池应用。然而, 表面形貌差和相对高的带隙能量限制了它们的潜能。银铋碘 (Ag 双 I) 是一种有前途的半导体光电器件。因此, 我们用材料溶液处理的方法演示了银-双 I 三元薄膜的制备。所产生的薄膜根据其热退火温度表现出受控的表面形貌和光学 bandgaps。此外, 据报道, 银双 I 三元系统结晶为 AgBi2I7, Ag2BiI5,等等, 根据前体化学品的比例。解决方案处理的 AgBi2I7薄膜显示一个立方相晶体结构, 致密, 无针孔表面形貌, 晶粒范围从200到800毫微米, 并间接带隙的 1.87 eV。结果 AgBi2I7薄膜显示良好的空气稳定性和能量带图, 以及表面形貌和光学 bandgaps 适合无铅和空气稳定的单结太阳能电池。最近, 通过优化银双 I 晶体组合物和太阳能电池器件体系结构, 获得了4.3% 功率转换效率的太阳能电池。
Introduction
解决方案处理的无机薄膜太阳能电池已被许多研究人员广泛研究, 试图将阳光直接转化为电力1,2,3,4,5。随着材料合成和器件体系结构的发展, 以卤化铅为基础的 perovskites 已被报道为最好的太阳能电池吸收器, 其功率转换效率 (四氯乙烯) 大于 22%5。然而, 人们越来越担心使用有毒铅, 以及铅卤化物钙钛矿本身的稳定性问题。
最近据报道, 铋基混合 perovskites 可以通过将单价阳离子纳入碘化铋复合单元而形成, 并且这些可作为介观太阳能电池体系结构中的光伏吸收剂6, 7,8。perovskites 中的铅可以用铋代替, 它具有 6s2外孤对;然而, 到目前为止, 只有传统的卤化铅方法已用于铋基混合 perovskites 与复杂的晶体结构, 尽管事实上, 他们有不同的氧化状态和化学性质9。此外, 这些 perovskites 的表面形貌较差, 在薄膜器件应用的背景下产生相对较厚的薄膜;因此, 它们的光伏性能较差, 高频带隙能量 (> 2 eV)6,7,8。因此, 我们试图寻找一种新的方法来生产铋基薄膜半导体, 这是环境友好, 空气稳定, 并有低频段能量 (< 2 eV), 考虑到材料的设计和方法。
我们目前的解决方案处理银-双 I 三元薄膜, 可以结晶为 AgBi2I7和 Ag2BiI5, 为无铅和空气稳定半导体10,11。在本研究中, AgBi2I7的组成, 正丁胺被用作溶剂, 同时溶解银碘化物 () 和碘化铋 (BiI3) 前体。该混合物是旋转铸造和退火在150°c 30 分钟, 在一个 N2填充手套盒;随后, 薄膜被淬火到室温。所合成的薄膜呈棕黑色。此外, 银-双 I 三元体系的表面形貌和晶体组成由 BiI3的退火温度和前驱比控制。由此产生的 AgBi2I7薄膜呈现一个立方相晶体结构, 致密和平滑的表面形貌与大颗粒 200-800 nm 的大小, 和一个光带隙的 1.87 eV 开始吸收光从波长的 740 nm.最近据报道, 通过优化晶体组成和器件结构, 银双 I 三元薄膜太阳能电池可以达到4.3% 的四氯乙烯。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
我们为银-双 I 三元半导体的溶液制备提供了一个详细的协议, 这将被利用介观器件体系结构作为薄膜太阳能电池中的无铅光伏吸收器。在基板上形成了2层, 以避免电子泄漏流入该电极。在 c-2涂层的基板上依次形成了2层, 以改善光伏吸收器 (即银-双 i 薄膜) 产生的电子萃取。用 TiCl4水溶液对2和2的钝化进行了处理, 以使其2表面陷井;这?…
Offenlegungen
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了科学、信息和通信技术部 (18-01) Gyeongbuk 科技研究院 (DGIST) 研究与开发 (R & D) 项目的支持。这项工作还得到韩国能源技术评估和规划研究所 (KETEP) 和大韩民国贸易、工业 & 能源部 (MOTIE 20173010013200 号) 的支持。
Materials
| Bismuth(III) iodide, Puratronic, 99.999% (metals basis) | Afa Aesar | 7787-64-6 | stored in N2-filled condition |
| Silver iodide, Premion, 99.999% (metals basis) | Afa Aesar | 7783-96-2 | stored in N2-filled condition |
| Butylamine 99.5% | Sigma-Aldrich | 109-73-9 | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | 9002-93-1 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) | Duksan | 67-63-0 | Electric High Purity GRADE |
| Titanium(IV) isopropoxide | Sigma-Aldrich | 546-68-9 | ≥97.0% |
| Ethyl alcohol | Sigma-Aldrich | 64-17-5 | 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5% |
| Hydrochloric acid | SAMCHUN | 7647-01-0 | Extra pure |
| Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) | sharechem | ||
| 50nm-sized TiO2 nanoparticle paste | sharechem | ||
| 2-propanol | Sigma-Aldrich | 67-63-0 | anhydrous, 99.5% |
| Terpineol | Merck | 8000-41-7 | |
| Heating oven | WiseTherm | ||
| Oxygen (O2) plasma | AHTECH | ||
| X-ray diffraction (XRD) | Rigaku | Rigaku Miniflex 600 diffractometer with a NaI scintillation counter and using monochromatized Cu-Kα radiation (1.5406 Å wavelength). |
|
| Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) | Bruker | Bruker Tensor 27 | |
| field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) | Hitachi | Hitachi SU8230 | |
| UV-Vis spectra | PerkinElmer | PerkinElmer LAMBDA 950 Spectrophotometer |
|
| Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) | RBD Instruments | PHI5500 Multi-Technique system |
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