Control of Aedes albopictus Mosquito Larvae with Carpesium abrotanoides L.
Summary
Using the Carpesium abrotanoides L. plant for mosquito larvae control can effectively reduce the Aedes albopictus mosquito population and provide a foundation for designing plant-derived insecticides.
Abstract
As a vital vector of dengue fever, yellow fever, and other mosquito-borne diseases, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) can be broadly distributed worldwide and cause a severe threat to public health. To date, considering the fast-emerging insecticide resistance in the mosquito, the development of new botanical insecticides to control and reduce Ae. albopictus is urgent and crucial. Therefore, to investigate the decoction effect of the plant C. abrotanoides L. on mosquito larvae killing, we detected the mortality of larvae after treatment with different concentrations (60 mg/mL, 120 mg/mL, and 180 mg/mL) of decoction within a series of time points (12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h). We found that 24 h with 180 mg/mL C. abrotanoides L. decoction treatment killed 92.35% of mosquitoes relative to the control treatment. Meanwhile, 36 h with 120 mg/mL could also kill more than 90% of mosquitoes. Furthermore, Carassius auratus populations were exposed to 120 mg/mL C. abrotanoides L. decoction for 36 h and were not dead. The mortality evaluation indicated that this concentration is not a harmful level of ecological environmental pollution. This study provides a possible plant candidate that could be used for designing plant-derived insecticides. Additionally, these methods can be altered and applied to other mosquito species.
Introduction
Aedes albopictus, also known as “Asian tiger mosquito”, can spread a variety of diseases, such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and Zika virus disease, by sucking human and animal blood1. Due to the wide distribution of Ae. albopictus, the epidemic situation of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever has become increasingly serious in recent years, posing a severe threat to the life and health of people worldwide2. At present, for most mosquito-borne diseases, there is no effective vaccine or specific therapeutic drug. Killing mosquitoes with chemical insecticides is still the main means of controlling mosquito-borne diseases3. The chemical control method using chemical insecticides can kill mosquitoes quickly and efficiently and has become the main means of mosquito vector control4. However, the long-term and large-scale use of insecticides has led to a decline in the sensitivity of Ae. albopictus to insecticides and insecticide resistance, which has become the greatest obstacle to controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to develop a new type of mosquito insecticide with high efficiency, safety, and environmental protection.
In nature, plants are the primary producers. Insects and many animals eat plants. When plants suffer from various “natural and man-made disasters”, they produce secondary metabolites to survive. These substances often have the ability to resist other organisms’ feeding, disease, and insect resistance. They not only have effects on a variety of pests but also have a low risk of environmental toxicity5. Carpesium abrotanoides L. is a perennial herb of the Carpesium abrotanoides genus of Compositae, also known as “toad blue”, “deer living grass”, “wild tobacco”, etc. It is widely distributed in China and East Asia. Its stems and leaves can be used as insecticides in these areas to treat abrasions and fever6. Its fruit is locally known as “Bei-He-Shi” in China and is used to treat tapeworm and Ascaris lumbricoides in folk medicine7,8. It has been reported that the plant is rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenols, and other characteristic components and has effective pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, antitumor, and antiviral effects7. Recent studies have found that it has an antifeedant effect on Spodoptera exigua9, contact toxicity to Sitophilus zeamais10, killing ability for cysticercus cellulosae of Taenia asiatica8, antifeedant activity, and contact toxicity to armyworm and Plutella xylostella11. Preliminary progress has been made in studying the toxic effects of C. abrotanoides L. on some parasites, agricultural pests, and sanitary pests, which can be used to control the larvae of Aedes albopictus.
This study discusses the protocol for controlling Ae. albopictus larvae with C. abrotanoides L. In this protocol, C. abrotanoides L. decoction was used to act on the fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus, and larval death was detected after treatment with C. abrotanoides L. decoction at different concentrations (60 mg/mL, 120 mg/mL, and 180 mg/mL) at a series of time points (12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h). Determining the killing effect of C. abrotanoides L. decoction on Ae. albopictus larvae provide a new idea for further mosquito control with high efficiency, low toxicity, and the use of environmentally friendly botanical insecticides.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Currently, Ae. albopictus has become one of the 100 most invasive species in the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, in 2020, the areas most affected by Ae. albopictus in Asia will account for approximately 70% of the global disease burden12. As a vital vector of dengue fever, yellow fever, and other mosquito-borne diseases, Ae. albopictus can be broadly distributed worldwide and cause a severe threat to public health. Here, the development of…
Offenlegungen
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Xin-Ru Wang from University of Minnesota, for insightful suggestions and guidance. This work was supported by the scientific research fund of Qiannan Medical College for Nationalities (Qnyz202112, QNYZ202205), and Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission (qwjh [2022] No. 101, project gzwkj2023-251).
Materials
| Acetone (analytical purity) | Shanghai Shenbo Chemical Co., Ltd | ||
| Crucian carp | Guangzhou Yunfeng aquaculture Co., Ltd | ||
| Chicken liver powder | self made | ||
| Dechlorinated water | self made | The tap water standing for more than 24 hours | |
| Deltamethrin technical | Nanjing Lesheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd | Purity: 94.62% | |
| Disposable plastic cup | Guizhou Fuqiang technology Packaging Co., Ltd | 220ML-A1 | |
| Egg collecting cup | self made | ||
| Electric blast drying oven | Hangzhou Aipu Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd | WGLL-230BE | |
| Electric water distiller | Beijing Xinrun Kono Instrument Co., Ltd | TT-98-II | |
| GraphPad Prism | GraphPad Software | Data processing and graphics software | |
| Integrated digital microscope | Chongqing Aote Optical Instrument Co., Ltd | SMARTe-500 | |
| Mosquito feeding cage | Nanjing Lesheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd | custom made | |
| Multifunctional induction cooker | Guangdong Midea living appliance manufacturing Co., Ltd | C21-WK2102 | custom made |
| Qualitative filter paper | Hangzhou Fuyang Beimu pulp and Paper Co., Ltd | 15cm-102 | |
| Rotary evaporator | Henan Jingbang Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd | R-1010 | |
| Small crusher | Jinhua Mofei household appliances Co., Ltd | CHY-6001 | |
| SPSS Version 25.0 | IBM | statistical software | |
| Standard sample sieve | Hebei Hengshui Anping lvruo wire mesh products Co., Ltd | 100-30 | custom made |
| Sugar water,10% | self made |
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