Esame obiettivo della tiroide
English
Compartir
Descripción
Fonte: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Medicina di Comunità, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA
La ghiandola tiroidea si trova nella trachea anteriore del collo tra la cartilagine cricoide (sopra) e la tacca soprasternale (sotto) (Figura 1). Consiste di un lobo destro e sinistro collegato da un istmo. L’istmo copre il secondo, il terzo e il quarto anello tracheale e i lobi si curvano posteriormente attorno ai lati della trachea e dell’esofago. La ghiandola normale, del peso di 10 – 25 g, è solitamente invisibile all’ispezione e spesso difficile da palpare. Un gozzo è una tiroide ingrossata da qualsiasi causa. Oltre a valutare le sue dimensioni, è importante palpare la tiroide per la sua forma, mobilità, consistenza e tenerezza. Una tiroide normale è morbida, liscia, simmetrica e non tenera, e scivola leggermente verso l’alto durante la deglutizione. L’allargamento simmetrico di una tiroide morbida e liscia suggerisce un ipotiroidismo endemico dovuto alla carenza di iodio o a uno dei due disturbi autoimmuni prevalenti: la malattia di Graves o la tiroidite di Hashimoto. I noduli tiroidei sono comuni e di solito incidentali; tuttavia, il 10% dei noduli tiroidei risulta essere maligno. Possono essere singoli o multipli e sono spesso fermi e non teneri. Un gozzo tenero e simmetrico indica tipicamente tiroidite.
Figura 1. Anatomia della ghiandola tiroidea. Illustrazione della posizione e dell’anatomia della ghiandola tiroidea rispetto alle strutture del collo.
La malattia della tiroide raramente si manifesta come un gozzo palpabile in isolamento. Gli ormoni tiroidei servono a mantenere l’omeostasi principalmente stimolando il metabolismo cellulare in tutto il corpo. Pertanto, l’ipo e l’ipertiroidismo sono associati a una serie di sintomi e risultati fisici (Tabella 1). È importante notare che i gozzo possono essere eritroidei (normali livelli di ormone tiroideo), ipertiroidei o ipotiroidei. Mal di testa o disturbi visivi possono suggerire un disturbo secondario della tiroide a causa di un adenoma ipofisario
Tabella 1. Sintomi e risultati fisici per ipo- e iper-tiroidismo.
Procedimiento
Applications and Summary
An enlarged thyroid gland, or goiter, is most often associated with normal thyroid gland function (euthyroid), but may be associated with hyper- or hypothyroid conditions. Therefore, thyroid abnormality found on physical examination should prompt a careful evaluation for the systemic signs and symptoms associated with both high and low thyroid hormone levels. A normal thyroid can be difficult to palpate, particularly in patients with large necks. However, its location can be precisely determined by identifying the bony and cartilaginous landmarks nearby: the cricoid cartilage above and the suprasternal notch below. In addition to an increase in size, the gland may show asymmetry, nodularity, or tenderness. Symmetrical goiters and thyroid nodules are not uncommon, and their detection should always prompt further investigation.
Transcripción
The thyroid physical examination is helpful for a clinician as it aids in narrowing down the differential diagnoses related to its anatomical pathology. The thyroid gland produces the thyroid hormones, which serve to maintain homeostasis throughout the body, primarily by stimulating cellular metabolism. Knowledge of the thyroid gland’s location and function is essential for diagnosing the commonly encountered pathologies, which are associated with its malfunctioning. The assessment of this gland should proceed in a systematic fashion, and this video will show the steps of this physical examination in detail.
The first step in examining the thyroid is to correctly locate it and understand its function, so before demonstrating the steps, let’s briefly review thyroid anatomy and physiology.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck, anterior to the trachea between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch. It consists of a right and left lobe connected by an isthmus. The isthmus covers the second, third, and fourth tracheal rings, and the lobes curve posteriorly around the sides of the trachea and esophagus.
The normal gland weighs 10-25 g, and is usually invisible on inspection and often difficult to palpate. Conversely, a goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid, is visible and palpable. In addition to assessing the goiter’s size, one must also palpate it for its shape, mobility, consistency, and tenderness. A normal thyroid is soft, smooth, symmetrical, and non-tender, and it slides upward slightly when swallowing. Symmetrical enlargement of a soft, smooth thyroid suggests endemic hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency or one of two autoimmune disorders: Grave’s disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Thyroid tenderness may be associated with the latter two conditions.
It should be noted that a goiter might be euthyroid, which indicates normal thyroid hormone levels, hyperthyroid, or hypothyroid. However, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism rarely manifests as a palpable goiter in isolation. Therefore, diagnosing thyroid disease requires a detailed understanding of the symptoms and physical exam findings associated with these conditions.
Other than goiter, thyroid nodules may also be palpable. These are common and usually incidental. However, 10% turn out to be malignant. They may be single or multiple, and are most often firm and non-tender.
Now that you have an idea of the structure and function of the thyroid gland, let’s go over the sequence of inspection and palpation steps for a thorough evaluation of this vital organ. Before the exam, thoroughly sanitize your hands using a disinfecting solution in view of the patient. Briefly explain the procedure you will perform.
Begin with inspection. Ask the patient to tip their head slightly back, and carefully inspect the anterior neck. If visible, the thyroid appears between the cricoid cartilage, which lies just beneath the protuberance of the thyroid cartilage also known as the Adam’s apple, and the suprasternal notch marked by the midline depression where the upper end of the sternum and clavicles meet. Check for symmetry, diffuse swelling, and obvious masses.
Offer the patient a cup of water and request to take a sip and swallow. Observe as the cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and thyroid gland move up and down. Next, proceed to palpation. Traditionally, this is done while standing behind the patient. Reach around with both hands and use your fingers to identify the landmarks from top to bottom. Start by feeling the mobile hyoid bone just beneath the mandible. Moving downwards, feel the thyroid cartilage with its superior notch, followed by the cricoid cartilage. Further down, you will feel the tracheal rings, and lastly the suprasternal notch.
After identifying the landmarks, place your index fingers just below the cricoid cartilage. Ask the patient to take another sip of water and swallow as before, and feel for the thyroid isthmus rising up under your finger pads. The isthmus is not always palpable, but if it is, feel for size, shape, and consistency. Also note any nodularity or tenderness. Lastly, palpate the thyroid lobes. Using the fingers of your right hand, gently move the trachea to the left and feel for the right lobe in the space between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle. Similarly examine the left lobe. If a goiter is detected, listen for a bruit by placing the stethoscope over the lateral lobes. If a bruit is present, it most likely indicates hyperthyroidism.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s demonstration of a comprehensive thyroid examination. You should now understand the anatomical location of the thyroid, how a goiter presents itself, what to look for during inspection, and finally the landmarks that help in thyroid palpation.
Remember, goiters and nodules are not uncommon. However, their detection should always prompt further investigation for the systemic signs and symptoms associated with hyper- and hypothyroidism. As always, thanks for watching!