Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

Summary

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

Abstract

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Introduction

Optic neuritis is one of the most common form of optic neuropathy, causing complete or partial loss of vision¹. Histologically, it is featured by inflammatory demyelination, retinal ganglion cell axonal loss and varying degrees of remyelination in the optic nerve². Optic neuritis is usually the manifest onset of multiple sclerosis. The visual evoked potential (VEP) is a non-invasive tool for investigating the function of the visual system. It reflects the post-retinal function from the retina to the primary visual cortex and is affected in many optic nerve disease conditions³. The VEP has been predominantly used in optic neuritis patients to assess the integrity of the visual pathway⁴.

The latency of VEP, which reflects the velocity of signal conduction along the visual pathway, is considered to be an accurate measurement of the level of myelin associated changes in the optic nerve⁵; while the amplitude of VEP is believed to be closely correlated with axonal damage of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC)⁶. This hypothesis has been fairly well established using the rat model of lysolecithin-induced optic nerve demyelination⁵.

Here, we explicate a comprehensive protocol of optic nerve microinjection technique in rodents, which can minimise the surgical manipulation-related damage to the nerve per se as well as to the adjacent tissues such as extraocular muscles and blood vessels. Also, the skull electrode implantation surgery has been described for VEP recording in animals⁷. The VEP recordings can be repeatedly carried out on animals over a period of time to assess demyelination/remyelination related changes as well as impact on axonal integrity in the optic nerve.

Protocol

Ethics Statement: All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes and the guidelines of the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Macquarie University. 1. VEP Electrode Implantation Anesthetize the animal with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg).<…

Representative Results

Reproducible intra-sessional VEP traces are shown in Figure 1 and a significant delay in N1 latency can be seen after the optic nerve injection. Partial optic nerve lesions of demyelination can be observed on histological sections using Luxol fast blue staining5. Figure 2 shows a representative section with a small focal demyelinated lesion in the centre of the optic nerve. Note that cross section does not represent total volume of lesion. The demyelinated area can be measured…

Discussion

The optic nerve is very susceptible to mechanical damage. Optic nerve crush injury over a duration of 1 s can lead to about 75% loss of RGC over a period of 2 weeks¹⁰. Therefore, extreme care is required while performing the surgical procedures. According to the authors’ experience, it is much better to adapt a blunt dissection approach to expose and make way through the tissues around the optic nerve along the orientation of the nerve, rather than penetrating in a perpendicular orientation to the optic …

Materials

Ketamine 100 mg/ml (Ketamil)	Troy Laboratories	AC 116
Medetomidine 1 mg/ml (Domitor)	Pfizer	sc-204073
Tropicamide 1.0% (Mydriacyl)	Alcon	sc-202371
Homoeothermic blanket system	Harvard Apparatus	NC9203819
Impedance meter	Grass	F-EZM5
Screw electrodes	Micro Fasteners	M1.0×3mm Csk Slot M/T 304 S/S
Subdermal needle electrodes	Grass	F-E3M-72
Rapid Repair	DeguDent GmbH
Light-emitting diode	Nichia	NSPG300A
Bioamplifier	CWE, Inc.	BMA-400
CED system	Cambridge Electronic Design, Ltd.	Power1401
Hamilton syringe	Hamilton	87930
Lysolecithin	Sigma	L4129
Evan’s blue	Sigma	E2129