マウス胎児腎臓の解剖および培養
Summary
このプロトコルは、マウス胚からのmetanephric基盤を単離および培養するための方法を記載する。
Abstract
このプロトコールの目的は、マウスのメタネフリカの基礎の解剖、単離および培養のための方法を記述することである。
哺乳動物の腎臓発達中、2つの前駆組織、尿管芽および間葉間葉は、最終的に腎臓の収集系およびネフロンを形成するために、細胞機構を伝達し相互に誘導する。哺乳動物の胚が子宮内で増殖し、したがって観察者が接近できないので、器官培養が開発されている。この方法により、腎臓器官形成の間に上皮間葉相互作用および細胞の挙動を研究することが可能である。さらに、先天性腎臓および泌尿生殖路奇形の起源を調べることができる。慎重な解剖の後、metanephricの手先は、培地上に浮遊するフィルター上に移され、数日間細胞培養インキュベーターに保持することができます。しかし、条件が人工的であり、組織内の代謝に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。また、外植片に存在する細胞外基質および基底膜のために、試験物質の浸透が制限される可能性がある。
器官培養の1つの主な利点は、実験者が器官に直接アクセスできることである。この技術は安価で簡単であり、生物学的に活性な物質の添加、遺伝子変異の研究、高度なイメージング技術の適用など、多数の改変が可能である。
Introduction
The mammalian kidney is derived from two primordial structures with mesodermal origin: the tubular epithelial ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. During nephrogenesis, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme and branches to form the collecting system. The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the epithelial elements of the nephrons. These processes occur in a precisely timed and spatially coordinated manner and are initiated by reciprocal inductive mechanisms. Both tissue components communicate and affect the other’s cell morphogenesis.
In the 1920s, it was Boyden who performed the in vivo obstruction of the mesonephric duct in chicken, providing the first indication of inductive interactions as separated nephric blastema fail to differentiate1. At about the same time, the first successful attempts to culture chicken nephric rudiments in a hanging drop were published. Subsequently, the organ culture was developed to study tissue interactions in mammalian organogenesis. In the 1950s, Grobstein developed a technique in which metanephric rudiments could be cultured on a filter. This technique was modified by Saxén, who placed the filter on a Trowell-type screen in a culture dish1. Over the years, many modifications and applications for organ culture have emerged. The method described here is based on Saxén’s technique but is simplified, as the filters float free on the medium and the diameter of the culture well only slightly exceeds the diameter of the filter, limiting unwanted movement of the filter.
Whole-organ culture is a classical, cheap, and simple but powerful tool to investigate cellular processes and intercellular communication during organogenesis. Organ culture allows for treatment with biological agents, such as growth factors, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, viruses, and peptides, as well as with pharmaceutical compounds and other chemicals. Also, gene function may be studied using explants derived from genetically modified mice or using inducible gene inactivation technology, such as the Cre-loxP system. This allows for the study of genetic mutations that cause embryonic lethality prior to the development of the kidney. Organ culture can also be combined with fluorescent tagging for gene function or lineage tracing and modern imaging techniques, which enable real-time monitoring of cell behavior2.
In the specific example provided here, the effect of EphrinB2-activated Eph-receptor signaling on the branching morphology of the ureteric bud was investigated. The morphology of the EphA4/EphB2 double-knockout mice suggested several severe defects in kidney development, which were detectable as early as embryonic day 11 (E11) and involved the ureteric bud, the ureter, and the common nephric duct3. Signaling via Eph receptors requires the clustering of the ligand-receptor dimer4. To over-activate Eph signaling, the kidney rudiments from E11.5 mouse embryos were cultured in the presence of clustered recombinant EphrinB2-Fc. EphrinB2 is a known ligand for the EphA4 receptor, which is expressed in the ureteric bud tips3.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
この写本は、発達中のメタネフリカのanlagenをマウスの胚から単離し、器官を培養する方法を記述しています。この方法は、Grobstein 8とSaxén9,10によって開発された標準的な手法であり、多くの他者11,12によって適応され、変更されています。この方法の成功は、主に、外植片の生存および誘導電位の低下が切開時間の延長に伴う切開の持続時間に依存する。?…
Divulgaciones
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
筆者はLeif OxburghとDerek Adamsの知識共有、Leif Oxburghの原稿への有用なコメント、StefanWölflとUlrikeMüllerのテクニカルサポート、Saskia Schmitteckert、Julia Gobbert、Sascha Weyer、Viola Mayerに感謝します。ラボこの研究は、Development、The Biology of Company （CPへ）によって支持された。
Materials
| DMEM/F-12 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 21331020 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140148 | |
| GlutaMAX Supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 35050061 | |
| DPBS, calcium, magnesium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14040117 | use for dissection |
| holo-Transferrin human | Sigma-Aldrich | T0665 | |
| Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS -G) (100X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41400045 | |
| Paraformaldehyde | Sigma-Aldrich | 158127 | |
| Amphotericin B solution | Sigma-Aldrich | A2942 | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | X100 | |
| Sodium azide | Sigma-Aldrich | S8032 | |
| Thimerosal | Sigma-Aldrich | T5125 | |
| Propyl gallate | Sigma-Aldrich | 2370 | |
| Mowiol 4-88 | Sigma-Aldrich | 81381 | |
| Glycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | G5516 | |
| Biotinylated Dolichorus Biflorus Agglutinin | Vector Laboratories | B-1035 | |
| Alexa488 conjugated Streptavidin | Jackson Immuno Research | 016-540-084 | |
| Recombinant Mouse Ephrin-B2 Fc Chimera Protein, CF | R&D Systems | 496-EB | |
| Recombinant Human IgG1 Fc, CF | R&D Systems | 110-HG-100 | |
| Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody | R&D Systems | G-102-C | |
| Phosphate buffered saline tablets | Sigma-Aldrich | P4417 | use for fixation and immunostaining |
| Dumont #5, biologie tips, INOX, 11cm |
agnthos.se | 0208-5-PS | 2 pairs of forceps are needed |
| Iris scissors, straight, 12cm | agnthos.se | 03-320-120 | |
| Dressing Forceps, straight, delicate, 13cm |
agnthos.se | 08-032-130 | |
| Petri dishes Nunclo Delta treated | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 150679 | |
| TMTP01300 Isopore Membrane Filter, polycarbonate, Hydrophilic, 5.0 µm, 13 mm, white, plain | MerckMillipore | TMTP01300 | |
| Nunclon Multidishes 4 wells, flat bottom |
Sigma-Aldrich | D6789-1CS | |
| Microscope cover glass24x50mm thickn. No.1.5H 0.17+/-0.005mm | nordicbiolabs | 107222 | |
| Cover glasses No.1.5, 18x18mm | nordicbiolabs | 102032 | |
| Slides ~76x26x1, 1/2-w. ground plain | nordicbiolabs | 1030418 | |
| VWR Razor Blades | VWR | 55411-055 | |
| 50 mL centrifuge tubes | Sigma-Aldrich | CLS430828 | |
| 15 mL centrifuge tubes | Sigma-Aldrich | CLS430055 | |
| Whatman prepleated qualitative filter paper, Grade 113V, creped | Sigma-Aldrich | WHA1213125 | |
| Fixed stage research mircoscope | Olympus | BX61WI | |
| Black 6 inbred mice, male, C57BL/6NTac | Taconic | B6-M | |
| Black 6 inbred mice,female, C57BL/6NTac | Taconic | B6-F | |
| Greenough Stereo Microscope | Leica | Leica S6 E |
Referencias
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