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Medicina

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

Published: May 01, 2018
doi:
10.3791/57508
, ,
1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport,Charles University, 2Faculty of Physical Culture,Palacky University Olomouc

Summary

腿筋是一组肌肉, 有时是问题的运动员, 导致软组织损伤的下肢。为了防止这种伤害, 对腿筋的功能训练需要强烈的偏心收缩。另外, 在不同的收缩速度下, 应根据 quadricep 功能对腘绳肌功能进行测试。

Abstract

在身体活动期间发生的许多肌腱损伤发生在肌肉延长时, 在偏心的腿筋肌肉动作。与这些偏心的腿筋的行动相反的是同心四头肌的行动, 其中较大和可能更强的四头肌伸直膝。因此, 为了在运动中稳定下肢, 腿筋必须与四头肌强烈的膝关节矫直力矩进行偏心的对抗。因此, 相对于同心 quadricep 强度表示的偏心肌筋强度通常称为 “功能比”, 因为大多数运动运动都需要同时同心膝关节伸展和偏心膝关节屈曲。为了提高腿筋的强度、韧性和功能性, 有必要对不同偏心速度下的腘绳筋进行测试和训练。这项工作的主要目的是提供测量和解释偏心腿筋强度的指导。提供了用等速功测量函数比的方法, 并比较了样本数据。此外, 我们简要描述如何解决腿部肌肉的力量不足或单边力量的差异, 使用专门侧重于增加偏心肌筋强度的演习。

Introduction

膝关节屈肌与伸肌腱的关系已被确定为评估一个人的下肢损伤风险的一个重要参数1。具体来说, 当与 quadricep 强度2相比, 当同侧或双侧肌筋强度失衡时, 腿部肌腱损伤的几率增加。因此, 许多体育科学家和从业者测试膝盖屈和伸肌的力量, 以确定是否有可能导致腿部肌腱损伤的运动员。但是, 使用各种测试方法, 不允许在方法 (例如、不同的收缩速度、不同的肌肉动作和现场测试与实验室测试) 之间进行直接比较3,4,5,6,7,8,9. 虽然不同的测试方法提供了不同的关于强度水平的有价值的信息, 但是大腿肌肉等速强度测试的方法学方法应该统一起来, 以便在个人之间进行比较,人口和时间。

尽管对同侧膝屈伸和屈伸之间的失衡的评估常常被描述为使用传统的同心肌腱与同心四头肌比率 (H/QCONV)10,11,膝关节屈伸和屈伸的共同激活是已知的发生在所有的运动和发生通过反对收缩模式。解释, 膝关节屈伸主要参与跳跃和跑步过程中的推进, 而膝盖屈伸主要是稳定的膝盖在着陆和运行通过减速下肢和抵消快速和有力的同心屈伸的收缩。由于大多数运动运动需要同时同心膝关节伸展和偏心膝关节屈曲, 两者之间的相对强度比较是适当的。因此, 相对于同心膝伸肌强度的偏心膝屈强度是常见的测试, 被称为 “功能比” (H/Q 函数)12。

与0.43 到 0.90 12之间的 h/qCONV比率相比, h-/q 函数比率可以从0.4 到 1.413不等, 这表明不同协议中的数据不应相互比较。虽然最大同心扭矩减少, 同心速度增加14,15,16, 偏心扭矩大于同心扭矩, 因为速度增加16,17。因此, 当测试收缩速度增加 1318时, H/Q 函数比可以接近值1.0。由于大多数运动运动发生在高速度, 膝伸和屈肌强度测试可能更符合生态学上的更高速度。因此, 这种强度测试协议应包括逐步提高的速度逐步推进。

如果等速测试显示偏心筋和同心 quadricep 强度存在较大差异, 则应通过训练缩小差异。为此, 减少膝伸肌的强度绝不应补偿弱膝屈伸, 以牺牲更有利的 H/Q 功能比率, 特别是在体育环境中.另一种选择是渐进和密集地增加膝关节屈肌强度, 使腿筋变得更强, 特别是与四头肌腱, 以更高的速度。因此, 如果等速测试揭示了某种程度的腘绳肌无力, 训练干预可能是必要的, 以增加腿部肌肉的力量, 特别是在偏心运动的动作。与所有训练干预一样, 应进行随访测试, 以确定偏心聚焦的腘绳肌强度训练计划的有效性, 并可能需要进一步调整。本文的目的是描述如何测试等速功能偏心肌筋强度, 揭示潜在的腘绳肌无力, 并建议如何解决功能性腘绳无力。

Protocol

该议定书遵循了查尔斯大学人类研究伦理学委员会的指导方针, 体育体育系, 并已被批准作为研究的一部分。 1. 通过以下步骤熟悉所有受试者的等速测试 确保在过去的6月内, 受试者在下肢没有任何最近的肌肉骨骼损伤或疼痛。如果一个主题报告最近的膝盖疼痛, 或在测试期间膝盖疼痛, 排除的主题。 由于偏心等速测试可能是对许多人的一种新的刺激, 使主题与协…

Representative Results

下面的例子显示了年轻的优秀足球运动员 (15.4 岁0.5 岁, 身体质量 62.7, 8.2 公斤, 身高 175, 9.1, 训练经验超过8年) 的差异, 执行偏心腿筋训练 (EHT, n = 18) 和没有 EHT (n = 15) 12 周 (图 3)。执行 EHT 的小组每周两次包括这项练习, 而没有 EHT 的小组则进行了核心训练和一般的下肢计划。两个小组参加了他们的节目四月。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page…

Discussion

上述议定书的第一个关键步骤是运动员的熟悉, 特别是对偏心测试。对象可能需要熟悉三次, 以确保可靠的数据, 在这种等速测试。此外, 如果测试会话相隔两个月以上, 则重新熟悉主题可能是一个好主意。第二个关键步骤是在测功机上正确设置运动员, 确保膝轴与测功机轴线保持一致;同样重要的是要注意的是, 更强的个人可能会推或拉如此用力的杠杆臂, 座椅垫变得沮丧或膝关节可能会略微向前或?…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者希望感谢大家对这项研究中的所有主题表示感谢。资助来源捷克科学基金会 GACR 16-13750S、PRIMUS/17/MED/5 和叔叔032项目的研究补助金。

Materials

HumacNorm CSMI, Stoughton, MA, USA 021-54412236 (model 502140) Standard Dynamometr
SoftwareHumac 2015 Computer Sports Medicine Inc. Stoughton, MA, USA Version155 Software for dynamometr
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Referencias

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Tags

Muscle ImbalancesFunctional Eccentric Hamstring StrengthIsokinetic TestingQuadricep To Hamstring RatioForce Angle CurveKnee Flexors And ExtensorsMovement SpeedEccentric Hamstring ActionsConcentric Quadriceps ActionsDiagnosticResistance TrainingWarm-upDynamic StretchingIsokinetic Torque Angle CurveConcentric Knee ExtensionConcentric Knee FlexionEccentric Knee FlexionEccentric Knee Extension

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Stastny, P., Lehnert, M., Tufano, J. J. Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations. J. Vis. Exp. (135), e57508, doi:10.3791/57508 (2018).
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