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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
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Comportamiento

用于评估数学认知和基本技能的多媒体电池（BM-PROMA）

Published: August 28, 2021
doi:
10.3791/62288
, , ,
1Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy,Universidad de La Laguna, 2Faculty of Education,Universidad Católica del Maule

Summary

BM-PROMA 是一种有效可靠的多媒体诊断工具，可为数学学习障碍儿童提供完整的认知特征。

Abstract

学习数学是一个复杂的过程，需要发展多个域通用和特定域的技能。因此，许多儿童难以保持年级水平并不出人意料，当这两个领域的几个能力受到损害时，这变得特别困难，例如数学学习障碍（MLD）。令人惊讶的是，虽然MLD是影响学童的最常见的神经发育障碍之一，但现有的大多数诊断仪器不包括对域名一般和特定领域技能的评估。此外，很少有计算机化。据我们所知，没有适合讲西班牙语的儿童的这些功能的工具。本研究的目的是描述使用BM-PROMA多媒体电池诊断西班牙MLD儿童的程序。BM-PROMA 有助于对这两个技能领域的评估，为此目的包括的 12 项任务都是基于经验证据的。展示了BM-PROMA及其多维内部结构的强大内部一致性。BM-PROMA 被证明是在初等教育期间诊断患有 MLD 的儿童的适当工具。它为孩子提供了广泛的认知特征，这不仅与诊断相关，而且与个性化教学规划相关。

Introduction

初等教育的关键目标之一是获得数学技能。这些知识是非常相关的，因为我们都在日常生活中使用数学，例如，计算超市1，2的变化。因此，数学成绩不佳的后果超出了学术范畴。在社会一级，人口中数学表现不佳的普遍现象给社会造成损失。有证据表明，人口中糟糕的数字技能的提高为一个国家节省了大量开支。在个人层面上也有负面后果。例如，那些数学技能水平低的人，职业发展欠佳（例如，低薪体力职业的就业率较高，失业率较高）4、5、6，经常报告对学者的负面社会情绪反应（例如焦虑、对学术动机低）7、8，并且往往比平均数学成就为9的同龄人表现出较差的身心健康。数学学习障碍（MLD）的学生表现非常差，持续10，11，12。因此，他们更有可能遭受上述后果，特别是如果这些没有及时诊断13。

MLD是一种神经生物学障碍，其特点是学习基本数值技能严重受损，尽管有足够的智力能力和学校教育14。虽然这一定义被广泛接受，但鉴定的文书和标准仍在讨论之中。MLD诊断缺乏普遍协议的一个很好的例证是报告的流行率，从3到10%16，17，18，19，20，21。诊断的这种困难源于数学知识的复杂性，这就要求在22、23年学习多个域名一般和域特定技能的组合。MLD儿童表现出非常不同的认知特征，有广泛的赤字星座14，24，25，26，27。在这方面，有人建议，需要通过涉及不同数字表示（即口头、阿拉伯语、类比）和算术技能的任务进行多维评估。

在小学时，MLD的症状多种多样。在域名特定技能方面，人们不断发现，许多 MLD 学生在基本数值技能方面表现出困难，例如快速准确地识别阿拉伯数字28、29、30，比较震级31、32或表示数字行33、34。小学生在理解概念知识方面也表现出困难，如地点值35、算术知识36，或通过有序序列37测得的平度。关于域名一般技能，特别注重工作记忆38、39和语言40在有和没有MLD的儿童数学技能的发展中的作用。在工作记忆方面，结果显示，MLD的学生在中央行政机构中表现出不足，尤其是在需要操纵数字信息41，42时。在MLD43，44的儿童中，也经常报告存在病毒空间短期记忆缺陷。语言技能是学习算术技能的先决条件，尤其是那些涉及高语言处理需求的技能。例如，语音处理技能（例如，语音意识和快速自动化命名（RAN）与小学时学到的基本技能密切相关，如数值处理或算术计算39、45、46、47。在这里，已经证明，语音意识和RAN的变化与个人在算术技能的差异，涉及管理口头代码42，48。鉴于 MLD 儿童的复杂状况，诊断工具最好包括评估域名一般技能和特定域位技能的任务，据报道，这些技能在这些儿童中往往存在缺陷。

近年来，为MLD开发了几种纸笔筛选工具。西班牙小学生最常用的是 a）埃瓦马泰利亚·巴泰利亚·马泰马蒂卡竞争中心（数学能力评价电池）49：b） 泰迪数学：数学残疾诊断评估测试（西班牙语改编）50：c）测试德埃卢阿西翁马特马蒂卡坦普拉纳德乌得勒支（TEMT-U）51，52， 乌得勒支早期算术测试53的西班牙语版本：d） 早期数学能力测试 （TEMA-3）54.这些文书衡量上述许多特定领域的技能：但是，他们都没有评估域名一般技能。这些仪器和一般纸和铅笔工具的另一个限制是，它们无法提供有关每个物品处理的准确性和自动性的信息。这只能用电脑电池。然而，很少有应用程序已经开发为计算障碍诊断。第一个计算机化的工具，旨在识别儿童（6至14岁）与MLD是Dyscalculia筛选器55。几年后，基于网络的DyscalculiUm56的开发目的相同，但侧重于16岁以后教育中的成年人和学习者。虽然仍然有限，但近年来对MLD诊断的计算机化工具设计的兴趣与日俱增。所提及的工具都没有为西班牙儿童标准化，其中只有一个工具 -MathPro 测试57– 包括域名一般技能评估。鉴于识别数学成就低的儿童，特别是那些有MLD的儿童的重要性，以及西班牙人口缺乏计算机化仪器，我们提出了一个多媒体评估协议，其中包括域名通用和特定领域的技能。

Protocol

这项议定书是根据拉古纳大学 “双星动物 研究伦理和动物福利委员会”提供的准则执行的。 注： 巴泰利亚多媒体公司 使用 Unity 2.0 专业版和 SQLITE 数据库引擎开发了61。 BM-PROMA 包括 12 个子测试：8 个子测试以评估特定域的技能，4 个子测试以评估域名一般流程。对于每个子测试，由动画类人机器人口头提供说明，并在测试阶段之前进行演示和两?…

Representative Results

为了测试这种诊断工具的效用和有效性，在大规模样本中对其心理特征进行了分析。共有933名西班牙小学生（男孩=508，女孩=425; M年龄 = 10 岁 ，SD = 1.36）， 从 2 年级到 6 年级 （2 年级， N = 169 [89 男孩]; 3 年级， N = 170 [89 男孩]; 4 年级， N = 187 [106 男孩]; 5 年级， N = 203 [113 男孩]; 6 年级， N= 204 [110 男孩]参加了这项研究。这些儿童来自圣克鲁斯…

Discussion

患有MLD的儿童不仅有学业失败的危险，而且有精神情绪和健康障碍的风险，8、9和后来的就业剥夺4，5。因此，必须迅速诊断MLD，以便提供这些儿童所需要的教育支助。然而，诊断MLD是复杂的，由于多个域特定和域一般技能缺陷，导致紊乱22，23。BM-PROMA 是少数使用?…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢西班牙政府通过其 国家I+D+i计划 （西班牙经济和竞争力部国家研究计划）对项目参考的支持：PET2008_0225，第二作者为主要调查员;和康尼西特 – 智利 [方德西特定期诺1191589]， 第一作者作为主要调查员。我们还感谢 ULL 视听联合 团队参与视频制作。

Materials

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Maths Universidad de La Laguna Pending assignment BM-PROMA
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Referencias

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Tags

Multimedia BatteryBM-PROMAMathematical Learning DisabilitiesMLDDomain-general SkillsDomain-specific SkillsMissing NumberTwo-digit Number ComparisonReading NumbersPlace ValueNumber LineArithmetic Fact RetrievalArithmetic PrinciplesCounting SpanRapid Automatized NamingLetterVisuospatial Working MemoryPhoneme Deletion

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Rodríguez, C., Jiménez, J. E., de León, S. C., Marco, I. Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA). J. Vis. Exp. (174), e62288, doi:10.3791/62288 (2021).
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