Grand Valley State University 4 articles published in JoVE Medicine Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol Emily C. Bush1, Aliya Gifford2, Crystal L. Coolbaugh1, Theodore F. Towse1,3,4, Bruce M. Damon1,5,6,7, E. Brian Welch1,5 1Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, 5Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 6Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 7Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University The purpose of this work is to describe a protocol for creating a practical fat-water phantom that can be customized to produce phantoms with varying fat percentages and volumes. Medicine Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation Cynthia A. Gossman1, David M. Linn2, Cindy Linn1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University Glaucoma is characterized by damage to retinal ganglion cells. Inducing glaucoma in animal models can provide insight into the study of this disease. Here, we outline a procedure that induces loss of RGCs in an in vivo rat model and demonstrates the preparation of whole-mount retinas for analysis. Environment Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey Charles P. Madenjian1, Richard R. Rediske2, James P. O'Keefe2, Solomon R. David3 1Great Lakes Science Center, U. S. Geological Survey, 2Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 3Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, Shedd Aquarium A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from their prey is presented. To maximize applicability of the laboratory results to the field, the piscivorous fish should be fed prey fish that are typically eaten in the field. Environment Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading Mary E. Ogdahl1, Alan D. Steinman1, Maggie E. Weinert1 1Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.