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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
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Sciences du comportement

インパルス食品の選択を減少させる手段としてのエラー

Published: June 05, 2016
doi:
10.3791/53283
,
1Department of Biological Psychology,Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 2Dipartimento di Psicologia,Università di Bologna

Summary

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

Abstract

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Introduction

今日、人々が障害1-4を食べるの上昇に直面支援することが重要です。これらの障害は、個人はできるだけ早くそれを追求し、消費する誘導食欲の食品に関連したインセンティブの動機、（これは甘い高脂肪食品5-6で特に示されている）の過大評価を反映しています。これは、しばらくの間、食事療法にあることから生じることが将来の利益を犠牲にして行われますが、そのために食べるの制御を発揮する能力は、7-8必要です。実際、これらの異常行動を示す人々が食用手がかり9-10および一次報酬11のエクスペリエンス強化されたインセンティブの値に向かって注意バイアスが増加しています。また、だけでも食欲をそそる食材を見ると摂食障害を有する個体において、通常の人口12月13日の両方で、すぐに食品を消費するための欲求を頭出しすることができます。即座に得られる満足を​​控えると長期outcoを放棄しないために私（ 例えば 、食事の数ヶ月後の重量を失うこと）、1は偉大な自己制御を行使し、誘惑に与えるとすぐに消費する生得的、進化的に決定された衝動に抵抗しなければなりません。セルフコントロール、神経科学の分野で認知制御の概念に相互に関連される概念を発揮し、一つは、おそらく、他の、より適切な行動14の実装をさらに検討するため、先天性衝動を克服することが可能であるとことを意味しています。

どのように個人が自己制御戦略に従事していますか？研究では、容量がエラーフルコンテキスト15に高くなるの自動応答を控えるために長年にわたって強調しています。エラーがよく遭遇したとき、代償応答16を引き出す高度喚起や嫌悪のイベントを考えています。具体的には、彼らはそれによって1は、現在およびf制御のレベルを調整する必要があることを知らせる、パフォーマンスとユーティリティの両方に障害/損失を頭出しutureの動作に応じて17。また、エラーは、このように最適な選択応答18-21の実施を誘導する、エラーが発生しやすい、不適応行動から脱出するための警告方法として、嫌悪学習を頭出しすることができます。

現在のプロトコルは、おいしい食品とエラーの間の関連付けは、特定の行動に従事することはこのように代償自己制御戦略の実施を奨励し、それによって衝動食品の選択を削減、コスト（ すなわち 、報酬損失）につながることを知らせることができる方法を示しています20,22。 23から適応本プロトコルでは、参加者は予め実験時の自己報告に彼らの空腹レベルを尋ねている6つの異なる食品を評価します。評価に基づいて、各被験者の等価インセンティブ値を有する2つの食品は、後続のタスクのために選択されます。その後、参加者は、2つの以前に選択されたエラータスク（24を参照する参照）、食品、それを実行します（ハイとロー）EMSキュー異なるエラー率は、パフォーマンスに関連した：エラータスクは1食品によってキュー1の試行条件で、参加者は少数のエラーをするようにプログラムされ、他のトライアル状態にされ、他のことで頭出し食品、彼らはエラーのはるかに大きな数を作ります。その後、二つの主要な報酬のそれぞれについて、参加者の異時点間の選択は、測定された（参照25から適応）されます。代わりにダイエットしながら魅力的な食べ物に直面したときに重要であるすぐに得られる喜び、の大きく、遅延援軍を追求する能力は、実際にカリッ異時点間の選択によって捕獲された26のパラダイム。長い時間1が良いために受信され、消費されるのを待つ必要があり、この潜在的な報酬のより主観的な評価が弱められる（ すなわち 、いわゆる時間的割引現象27-34）。悪い決定は（ すなわち 、より高い傾向が近いgratifications、すなわち一時的な増加を選択します）将来の利益のために割引くことは衝動35のコア機能と薬物中毒と肥満36-45を含む多数の疾患のランドマークとして考えられています。このプロトコルに記載の手順を経た後、参加者が選択的に、高い誤り率をキューイング刺激に対して減少せっかち選択肢を示します。被験者によって報告された飢餓レベルが23低いときに効果がより明らかです。飢餓は、一次報酬と、今度は、これらの報酬7,50-52の将来の金額の割引率の動機付け値を高めることにより、食品46-49の即時評価に影響を与えるため、これが発生します。

この方法の利点は、最初に簡単に適用可能です。異時点間の意思決定のタスクを先行するエラーのトレーニングは、多様な臨床現場で使用することがすることが可能となる、ほぼ完全に楽です。第二に、この方法は、仮想的な食用のアイテムとの所望の効果を生成し、本物の食品を使用する必要はありません。第三に、参加者は、同様に実際の生活の中で確実に食品の意思決定に影響を与える可能性のある本物の食べ物の好み、上の後続の影響を作り、食品のエラー関連の主に知りませんでした。最後に、研究23で試験された参加者は、すべての若い女性があったが、本研究の被験者はの知らなかった主な理由は、あまりにも異時点間の意思決定の上に食べ物エラーペアリングの効果は、若い男性のものと同じであろうと推測するのは良い理由があります意図した効果。

Protocol

倫理の声明：このプロトコルで説明するすべての手順は、（また、ヘルシンキ23,53の宣言を参照してください）ボローニャ大学の心理学科の倫理委員会から倫理的承認後に開発し、試験しました。 1.参加者健康な若い成人女性のサンプルを選択します。 、ダイエットにない参加者を募集歴史によって決定されるように、現在または過去の精神また?…

Representative Results

上記のプロトコルのアプリケーションからの代表的な結果をここで報告されています。 エラータスクエラータスクの有効性は、以下の結果によって決定されています。参加者が犯した誤りの割合に関しては、彼らが停止試験中LE条件よりもHE内のエラーの有意に高い数、囲碁試…

Discussion

この記事では詳細に健康な若い成人女性に衝動食品の選択肢を削減することを目的とした新たなプロトコルを記述します。このプロトコルでの重要なステップは、健康な女性人口からの参加者をサンプリングし、実験時の自己報告の飢餓のレベルを収集し、各被験者の等価インセンティブ値を持つ2つの食品を選択し、二つの異なるエラーの各エラータスクに参加者を提出含みます尤度（無作…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

GDPに授与：この作品はMinistero IstruzioneUniversità電子Ricerca（2010XPMFW4_009 PRIN 2010、プロトコル番号）からProgrammiディRicerca ScientificaディRilevanteインテレッセナツィオナーレ（PRIN）助成金によってサポートされていました。また、原稿を校正し、ビデオで実行するためのカテリーナベルティーニとラファエラ・マリノに感謝しています。

Materials

E-Prime PST Stimulus Delivery Software
Statistica Statsoft Statistical Software
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Tags

Food ChoiceImpulsive PreferenceSelf-controlEating DisordersError TaskGo/no-go TaskTemporal DiscountingBehavioral ExperimentNeurosciences
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Sellitto, M., di Pellegrino, G. Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice. J. Vis. Exp. (112), e53283, doi:10.3791/53283 (2016).
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