Summary

使用振动轨道转子诱导年轻野生型小鼠认知缺陷和焦虑样行为的慢性睡眠碎片模型

Published: September 22, 2020
doi:

Summary

这里介绍的是一个由电控轨道转子实现的慢性睡眠碎片(CSF)模型的协议,它可以诱导年轻野生型小鼠的认知缺陷和类似焦虑的行为。该模型可用于探索慢性睡眠障碍和相关疾病的发病机制。

Abstract

睡眠障碍通常作为慢性疾病或投诉事件在人群中很常见。慢性睡眠障碍建议与疾病的发病机制密切相关,特别是神经退行性疾病。我们最近发现,2个月的睡眠分裂引发了老年痴呆症(AD)样的行为和病理变化的年轻野生型小鼠。在这里,我们提出了一个标准化的协议,以实现慢性睡眠分裂(CSF)。简言之,CSF 是由轨道转子在 110 rpm 时振动引起的,在光打开阶段(上午 8:00-晚上 8:00)连续运行长达 2 个月,重复周期为 10 s 开,110 s-off。空间学习和记忆的损伤,焦虑样,但不是抑郁症样的行为,在小鼠作为CSF建模的后果,被评估与莫里斯水迷宫(MWM),新颖的对象识别(NOR),开放领域测试(OFT)和强迫游泳测试(FST)。与其他睡眠操作相比,此协议最大限度地减少了处理工作,并最大限度地提高了建模效率。它在年轻的野生型小鼠中产生稳定的表型,并有可能产生用于各种研究目的。

Introduction

睡眠障碍在睡眠干扰状况患者和有睡眠干扰事件的健康人中越来越常见。据观察,患有神经退行性疾病、慢性疼痛、情绪压力、呼吸系统疾病、泌尿系统疾病等的患者,通常抱怨睡眠不愉快的经历1、2、3、4、5。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)、睡眠中的周期性肢体运动(PLMS)、睡眠维持失眠等睡眠障碍是最常见的原因,诱发睡眠分裂6、7。在发达国家,OSA在成人人口中的患病率超过5%至9%,在8、9、10岁儿童中患病率超过2%。同时,由于智能手机的过度使用、不规则的睡眠习惯、恼人的噪音和工作职责(如照顾者的夜班)而遭受睡眠障碍的健康人群比例越来越大。睡眠被认为是重要的脑废物清除11,12,记忆巩固13,14,代谢平衡15,16,许多其他生理过程。然而,长期睡眠障碍是否会导致健康人不可逆转的发病机制变化,以及它是未来几年内发展中枢神经系统疾病(如神经退行性疾病)的病因还是促成因素,仍在很大程度上还不得而知。我们的目标是报告一个实验模型,在经过2个月的睡眠分裂治疗后,在年轻的野生小鼠中产生稳定和明显的认知缺陷和焦虑样的行为。此模型将用于回答上述科学问题。

睡眠障碍被列为发展阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)或痴呆症的潜在危险因素。康等人首次发现并描述了AD病理学恶化6小时急性睡眠剥夺17。此后,许多其他研究报告说,睡眠不足或分裂可能加剧转基因AD小鼠模型18,19,20的发病机理。然而,很少有研究人员研究过幼小野鼠睡眠障碍的后果:即睡眠障碍是否会引起年轻野性小鼠的AD样行为或病理变化。在我们最近的出版物中,我们报告说,2个月的睡眠分裂导致明显的空间记忆缺陷和焦虑样的行为,以及增加细胞内淀粉样β(A+)积累在皮层和海马在2-3个月大的野生型小鼠21。我们还观察到内体-自噬体溶酶体通路标记和微胶质活化的表达水平改变,这与APP/PS1小鼠21、22中报告的病理变化相似。

这份提交的睡眠碎片(SF)协议经辛顿等人23日验证,并经李等人24日修改。简言之,在110 rpm的轨道转子振动,在光打开阶段(上午8:00-晚上8:00)每2分钟中断睡眠10秒。该模型中的睡眠结构变化以前以电生理睡眠记录为特征,由Li等人报告,表明在光上阶段的唤醒时间显著增加,快速眼动(REM)睡眠减少,总睡眠和唤醒时间(在24小时内)在4周以上的建模24后不受影响。目前,总睡眠或部分睡眠剥夺是最常用的睡眠操纵模型。完全睡眠不足通常通过持续温和的处理或使动物接触新事物,或者通过连续旋转一个酒吧或跑步机25,26,27,28,29进行。由于道德原因,完全睡眠不足通常短于24小时。最常用的部分睡眠剥夺模型是水平台方法,它主要消融REM睡眠30,31,32。其他方法使用跑步机或酒吧,沿着笼子的底部扫,可能会诱发睡眠碎片时,设置在固定间隔33,34,35,36,37,38。值得注意的是,SF中断睡眠,断断续续地导致所有睡眠阶段的唤醒24。应用轨道转子的CSF模型的一个突出优点是,它可以连续运行几个月自动由机器控制,避免每天频繁处理劳动,除了定期监测。此外,该仪器将允许在军警干预下同时对多个老鼠笼子进行建模。在整个建模过程中,老鼠被安置在家庭笼子里,有通常的床上用品和筑巢材料,而其他一些方法则需要暴露在多样化的环境和不可避免的压力中。

睡眠分裂以前的特点是睡眠操纵方法,它模仿睡眠阶段频繁的觉醒和唤醒阶段的大量睡眠反弹。在一些文献中,CSF被认为是OSA39,40的动物模型。在这项研究中,选择的唤醒频率为每小时30次的原理是基于对中度至重度睡眠呼吸暂停患者的唤醒指数的观察。据观察,4周的睡眠分裂显著增加了超胶囊唤醒延迟和触觉唤醒阈值,这至少可以持续2周后恢复24。这种表型的解释是揭示c-fos活化减少诺拉迪纳吉奇,奥里辛热,组胺,和胆碱唤醒活性神经元,以回应高气喘,以及减少的儿茶酚胺和奥里辛ergic投影到结晶皮层24。然而,有必要指出,OSA最重要的特点是气道阻塞引起的缺氧,导致睡眠中断41,42。睡眠障碍和重复性缺氧在OSA发病机制中相互相互作用。因此,单靠睡眠分裂可能无法充分证明小鼠OSA的所有关键特征。

在此,我们提出了一个标准化的协议,以模拟年轻野生型小鼠的慢性睡眠分裂。在CSF治疗后,由莫里斯水迷宫、新奇物体识别、开放领域测试和强迫游泳测试评估了认知缺陷、焦虑和抑郁样行为。值得注意的是,这个模型应该作为一个整体,产生表型的调节不良的睡眠模式,认知缺陷,和焦虑般的行为。目前的模型可能适用于以下目的,但不限于以下目的:1) 进一步研究在没有遗传倾向的幼鼠慢性睡眠障碍引起的功能或分子发病机制, 2) 确定睡眠障碍引起的神经退化的直接途径,3) 探索改善慢性睡眠障碍诱发的表型的治疗方法,4) 研究野生型小鼠在慢性睡眠障碍下的内在保护/补偿机制,5) 应用于研究睡眠唤醒调节和状态过渡机制。

Protocol

该协议经同济医院、同济医学院、华中科技大学动物护理与使用委员会批准。 1. 老鼠筛选和实验准备 在整个实验中,选择体重为20-28克的野生型成年小鼠(8-10周大)雄性小鼠。注:野生型C57BL/6小鼠来自中国湖北实验室动物研究中心。 随机将所有小鼠分配给CSF和对照组。每个笼子里住3-5只老鼠,以避免社会隔离压力。控制笼中容纳的老鼠数量与配对CSF笼中?…

Representative Results

所有有代表性的结果和数字均由我们最近出版的第21期转载。原期刊允许重复使用这些数字。 整个实验设计按时间顺序进行说明,表示CSF建模的时间、MWM、NOR、OFT和FST(图1A)的行为测试。我们每周从CSF和对照组获得老鼠的重量,以监测它们在建模过程中的一般情况。在建模过程中,两组小鼠的体重增加没有明显差异(?…

Discussion

当前协议中的关键步骤包括根据研究目的设置具有优化参数的睡眠碎裂机,并在整个建模过程中保持小鼠在舒适和安静的生活环境中。决定适当的时间来中断或停止睡眠分裂,并为这些小鼠安排行为测试也是至关重要的。与其他睡眠操作模型一样,在具有受控光周期且没有所有可能的不必要干扰的专用房间执行协议非常重要。应努力避免引起噪音,尽量减少研究人员检查、补充食物和供水、更换?…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了中国国家自然科学基金委员会(61327902-6对W.王和81801318对丁F.)的支持。我们感谢西格丽德·维塞博士建立了SF实验系统,并亲切地提供了技术细节。我们感谢迈肯·内德加德博士对相关实验的启发性评论。

Materials

Any-maze behavior tracking system Stoelting,Inc,USA A video-tracking system which was used to record the behavior track of mice.
C57BL/6J mice Hubei Research Center for Laboratory Animals, Hubei, China. healthy male C57BL/6J mice aged 10-12 weeks were purchased from Hubei Research Center for Laboratory Animals
Graphpad Prism 6.0 Software Graphpad Software,Inc.USA Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was used to draw statistical graphs.
Morris water maze system Shanghai XinRuan Information Technology Co.,Ltd,China XR-XM101 The system was used to perform Morris water maze test
Orbial rotor Shanghai ShiPing Laboratory Equipment Co.,Ltd,China SPH-331 The orbital rotor was used to establish the chronic sleep fragmentation model
Solid state timer OMRON Corporation, Kyoto, Japan H3CR-F8-300 The solid state time was used to control the frequency and time of the rotor running
Wooden Lusterless Tank length 30 cm, width 28 cm, height 35 cm The tank was used to perform open field test and novel object recognition test

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Xie, Y., Deng, S., Chen, S., Chen, X., Lai, W., Huang, L., Ba, L., Wang, W., Ding, F. A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (163), e61531, doi:10.3791/61531 (2020).

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