Chapter 4
Biochemistry of the Cell
![Compounds Essential to Human Function](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13885.jpg)
The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all…
![Role of Water in Human Biology](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13886.jpg)
Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its…
![pH Homeostasis](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13890.jpg)
Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated…
![Overview of Functional Groups](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13892.jpg)
Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties…
![Carbohydrate Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12115.jpg)
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four…
![Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12121.jpg)
Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living…
![Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13898.jpg)
Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and…
![Fats as Energy Storage Molecules](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12549.jpg)
Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat,…
![Protein Organization](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12487.jpg)
Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication,…
![Globular Proteins](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13902.jpg)
In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body.…
![Protein Denaturation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13903.jpg)
The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein.…
![Role of Proteins in the Human Body](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13904.jpg)
Proteins are the building block of life. They are also the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part…
![Enzymes and Activation Energy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12163.jpg)
The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to…
![Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12166.jpg)
For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the…
![Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/63046_t.png)
Glycogen is synthesized as a storage form of glucose by a wide array of organisms, ranging from bacteria to animals. The molecule comprises linear…
![A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/60150_t.png)
Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG)…
![Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/54377_t.png)
Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
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Understanding how enzymes work, and relating this to real life examples, is critical to a wide range of undergraduate degrees in the biological and…