11.4:
Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The skull's lateral view displays the temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones together with other partially visible cranial bones.
The paired temporal bones have a squamous part with a zygomatic process. Together with the zygomatic bone, they form the zygomatic arch. The temporal bone's tympanic and petrous regions surround different parts of the ear.
Projecting inferiorly, its styloid process helps attach ligaments and muscles. Extending downwards, the mastoid process anchors neck muscles.
The sphenoid bone articulates with other cranial bones. Its superior surface has saddle-shaped sella turcica and lesser wings.
The greater wings have foramen rotundum, ovale, and spinosum. The anterior side displays the superior orbital fissures that allow the passage of cranial nerves and blood vessels. It also shows pterygoid processes projecting inferiorly.
The ethmoid bone lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones. It shows a horizontal cribriform plate with perforations for olfactory nerve filaments. The triangular crista galli secures the brain in the cranial cavity, while the perpendicular plate forms the superior nasal septum.
11.4:
Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting inferiorly from this region is a large prominence, the mastoid process, which serves as a muscle attachment site. The mastoid process can easily be felt on the side of the head just behind your earlobe. On the interior of the skull, the petrous portion of each temporal bone forms the prominent, diagonally oriented petrous ridge in the floor of the cranial cavity. Located inside each petrous ridge are small cavities that house the structures of the middle and inner ears.
The sphenoid serves as a "keystone" bone because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull. The sphenoid forms much of the base of the central skull and also extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull. Inside the cranial cavity, the right and left lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, which resemble the wings of a flying bird, form the lip of a prominent ridge that marks the boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae. The sella turcica ("Turkish saddle") is located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa. The rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica is the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa, which houses the pea-sized pituitary gland. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally to either side away from the sella turcica, where they form the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa.
On the inferior aspect of the skull, each half of the sphenoid bone forms two thin, vertically oriented bony plates. These are the medial pterygoid plate and lateral pterygoid plate (pterygoid = "wing-shaped"). The right and left medial pterygoid plates form the posterior lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The somewhat larger lateral pterygoid plates serve as attachment sites for chewing muscles that fill the infratemporal space and act on the mandible.
The ethmoid bone is a single, midline bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity and the upper portion of the nasal septum and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit. On the interior of the skull, the ethmoid also forms a portion of the floor of the anterior cranial cavity.
This text is adapted from https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-2-the-skull