Detecting Abnormal Prion Proteins in Brain Tissue Using Immunohistochemistry

Abstract

Source: Orge, L., et al. Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry. J. Vis. Exp. (2023).

This video demonstrates a technique to detect misfolded prion protein in brain sections using immunohistochemistry. Upon treating the brain section with formic acid to denature prions and minimize infection risk, as well as unmasking the prion aggregates using heat-induced epitope retrieval, the sections are immunolabeled for the misfolded prion protein aggregates and observed under a microscope.

Protocol

1. Tissue sectioning and slide preparation Cut sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues at 3-5 µm thickness using a microtome. Float sections onto purified water with a temperature approximately 10 ˚C below the melting point of the paraffin used. Lift the sections from the water onto specially treated microscope slides (see Table of Materials). Allow the water to drain thoroughly from the slides. Incubate the slides overnight …

Materials

Absolute ethanol	Labchem	LB0507-9010	Undiluted
			Diluted 90%, 70% and 50% in distilled water
Avidin-biotin complex and peroxidase Vectastain Elite ABC kit Peroxidase	Vector Laboratories	PK-6100	Prepare and gently mix 30 min before use according to kit instructions. Do not mix after standing.
Biotinylated secondary antibody (Horse anti-mouse IgG H+L)	Vector Laboratories	BA-2000-1.5	Dilute at 1/200 in TBS with 10% horse normal serum. Prepare the volume required depending on the number of sections.
Chromogen Diaminobenzidine- DAB, substrate kit, Peroxidase	Vector Laboratories	SK-4100	Prepare before use according to kit instructions. Use 400 µL of solution per section.
DakoCytomation Pascal pressure chamber	DAKO	S2800
Ehrlich's Hematoxylin:
Absolute ethanol	Labchem	LB0507-9010
Glacial acetic acid	Merck	101830
Potassium alum	Merck	1.01047.1000
Glycerin	Merck	1.04091.1000
Endogenous Peroxidase Block solution (3% concentration H2O2):			40 mL Hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w) in 360 mL Methanol. Prepare before use
Hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w)	Scharlau	HI0136
Methanol	Sigma Aldrich	322415-2L
Formic acid 98%	Merck	1.00264.1000	Undiluted
Microtome	Shandon-AS325	Microtome	Shandon-AS325
Normal serum (20% ) block solution in TBS: Horse normal serum	Gibco	16050-122	Prepare final volume according to the number of sections in the assay (200 µL of solution per section).
Primary antibody anti-PrP Mouse MAb 2G11	BIORAD	MCA2460	PrP 146-R154R171182 Ovine including atypical scrapie, cervine, feline. Not suitable for bovine. According to the number of sections in the assay (200 µL of solution per section) and antibody dilution, prepare final volume in TBS supplemented with 10% of normal serum from the species the secondary antibody was raised in (horse normal serum) Usual antibody dilution: MAb 2G11 1/100 but working dilution should be established in every new batch to get the concentration to give the strongest labelling with lowest background. For storage, freeze aliquot volumes of a minimum of 10 μL into sterile microtubes. Defrost and use one aliquot at a time.
Primary antibody anti-PrP Mouse MAb 12F10	Cayman Chemical Company	189710	PrP142-160 Bovine, not suitable for ovine Usual antibody dilution: 1/200 but working dilution should also be established. Prepare as MAb 2G11
Shandon CoverplateTM chamber	Thermo Scientific	72110017
Shandon Sequenza® Immunstaining center	Thermo Scientific	73300001
Shandon Sequenza® Immunstaining slide rack	Thermo Scientific	73310017
Solution Citrate Buffer (10 mM pH 6.1):			2.55 g Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate and 0.255 g Citric acid in one litre purified water. Adjust pH of working solution to 6.1 using 10 mM citric acid solution (1.05 g citric acid in 500 mL purified water) Prepare on assay day.
Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate	Sigma-aldrich	S4641-500G
Citric acid	Sigma Aldrich	C0759
Staining jar and basket	Deltalab	19360
		19361
Superfrost Plus microscope slides	VWR	631-0108
Tris-Buffered Saline solution (TBS) (50 mM TRIZMA BASE; 0.8% NaCI; pH 7.6):			10xTBS (stock solution 0.5 M TRIZMA BASE; 8% NaCI; pH 7.6): TRIZMA BASE 60,57 g and NaCl 80 g in 800 mL purified water. Adjust pH of stock solution using Hydrochloric acid 37% and final volume to one litre with purified water (keep 5± 3 °C until 2 months) Dilute TBS stock solution 1/10 on assay day.
TRIZMA BASE	Sigma Aldrich	T6066-1KG
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Merck	106404
Xylene	Panreac Applied Chem ITW reagents	251769	Undiluted