A tube formation assay is used to evaluate vascular activity of tumor cells.
Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial cells in vitro1-5. However, recently growing evidence has shown that this assay is not limited to test vascular behavior for endothelial cells. Instead, it also has been used to test the ability of a number of tumor cells to develop a vascular phenotype6-8. This capability was consistent with their vasculogenic behavior identified in xenotransplanted animals, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM)9. There is a multitude of evidence demonstrating that tumor cell-mediated VM plays a vital role in the tumor development, independent of endothelial cell angiogenesis6, 10-13. For example, tumor cells were found to participate in the blood perfused, vascular channel formation in tissue samples from melanoma and glioblastoma patients8, 10, 11. Here, we described this tubular network assay as a useful tool in evaluation of vasculogenic activity of tumor cells. We found that some tumor cell lines such as melanoma B16F1 cells, glioblastoma U87 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells are able to form vascular tubules; but some do not such as colon cancer HCT116 cells. Furthermore, this vascular phenotype is dependent on cell numbers plated on the Matrigel. Therefore, this assay may serve as powerful utility to screen the vascular potential of a variety of cell types including vascular cells, tumor cells as well as other cells.
In order for this assay to succeed, the quality of Matrigel should be tested first. A small sample may be obtained from BD Bioscience to pre-run the assay using HMVECs. Different batch products may display dissimilar qualities in which some lots do not provide an optimal condition for tube formation. Second, any bubbles should be avoided when an aliquot of Matrigel is loaded in 96-well plates, because bubbles can disrupt tubule formation. If tiny bubbles are found in a well, the Matrigel can be immediately moved back to …
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported by NCI R01 CA120659 (RS).
Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number |
---|---|---|
DMEM | Invitrogen | 11995 |
FBS | Invitrogen | 16000-044 |
Growth factor-reduced Matrigel | BD Bioscience | 47743-720 |
EBM2 kit | Lonza | CC-3156 |
Nikon ECLIPSE TS100 microscope | Nikon |