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Protocol
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Bioingegneria

Fabriceren superhydrophobic polymere materialen voor biomedische toepassingen

Published: August 28, 2015
doi:
10.3791/53117
,
1Department of Biomedical Engineering,Boston University, 2Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine,Boston University

Summary

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

Abstract

Superhydrophobic materialen, met oppervlakken bezitten permanente of metastabiele niet nat staten, van belang zijn voor een aantal biomedische en industriële toepassingen. Hier beschrijven we hoe elektrospinnen of Electrospraying een polymeer mengsel dat een biologisch afbreekbare, biologisch verenigbare alifatische polyester (bijvoorbeeld polycaprolacton en poly (lactide- co -glycolide)) als de belangrijkste component, gedoteerd met een hydrofoob copolymeer bestaande uit polyester en een stearate- gemodificeerde poly (glycerol carbonaat) levert een superhydrofoob biomateriaal. De vervaardigingstechnieken van electrospinning of electrospraying over een verhoogde oppervlakteruwheid en de porositeit en zich binnen de vezels of deeltjes, respectievelijk. Het gebruik van een lage oppervlakte-energie copolymeer doteringsmiddel dat combineert met de polyester en stabiel kan worden electrospun of electrospray levert deze superhydrophobic materialen. Belangrijke parameters zoals vezelgrootte, copolymeer doteerstof samenstelling en / of concentration, en de effecten daarvan op bevochtigbaarheid worden besproken. Deze combinatie van polymeerchemie en procestechniek verschaft een veelzijdige benadering toepassingsspecifieke materialen te ontwikkelen met behulp schaalbaar technieken, die waarschijnlijk zijn generalizable een bredere klasse polymeren voor diverse toepassingen.

Introduction

Superhydrophobic oppervlakken zijn over het algemeen gecategoriseerd als vertonen duidelijk water contact hoeken groter dan 150 ° met een lage contact hoek hysteresis. Deze oppervlakken zijn vervaardigd door de invoering van hoge oppervlakteruwheid op lage oppervlakte-energie materialen om een resulterende lucht-vloeistof-vaste stof interface die weerstaat bevochtiging 1-6 vast te stellen. Afhankelijk van de fabricagemethode, dun of meerlaagse superhydrofobe oppervlakken meerlagige superhydrophobic substraatbekledingen, of zelfs bulk superhydrophobic structuren worden bereid. Deze permanente of semi-permanente waterafstotendheid is een handige eigenschap die wordt gebruikt om zelfreinigende oppervlakken 7, microfluïdische apparaten 8, anti-fouling cel / eiwitoppervlakken 9,10, drag-reducerende oppervlakken 11 en drug delivery apparaten bereiden 12- 15. Recentelijk zijn stimuli-responsieve superhydrophobic materiaal beschreven waarbij de niet-bevochtigd bevochtigde toestand wordt veroorzaakt door chemische, fysischeOf omgevingsfactoren (bv licht, pH, temperatuur, echografie, en toegepaste elektrische potentiaal / stroom) 14,16-20, en deze materialen vinden gebruik voor andere toepassingen 21-25.

De eerste synthetische superhydrofobe oppervlakken werden bereid door behandeling materiaaloppervlakken met methyldihalogenosilanes 26 en waren beperkt bruikbaar voor biomedische toepassingen, zoals de gebruikte materialen niet geschikt voor in vivo gebruik. Hierin beschrijven we de bereiding van oppervlak en bulk superhydrofobe materialen uit biocompatibele polymeren. Onze benadering bevat electrospinning of Electrospraying een polymeer mengsel dat een biologisch afbreekbare, biologisch verenigbare alifatische polyester als hoofdcomponent, gedoteerd met een hydrofoob copolymeer bestaande uit polyester en een stearaat-gemodificeerde poly (glycerol carbonaat) 27-30. De vervaardigingstechnieken over een verhoogde oppervlakteruwheid en de porositeit en zich binnen de fibers of deeltjes, respectievelijk, terwijl het gebruik van een copolymeer doteermiddel verschaft een lage oppervlakte energie polymeer dat past bij het ​​polyester en stabiel kan worden electrospun of electrospray 27,31,32.

Alifatische bioafbreekbare polyesters zoals poly (melkzuur) (PLA), poly (glycolzuur) (PGA), poly (melkzuur zuur co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) en polycaprolacton (PCL) polymeren toegepast in klinisch goedgekeurde apparaten en prominent in biomedisch materiaalonderzoek vanwege hun niet-toxiciteit, biologische afbreekbaarheid, en het gemak van de synthese 33. PGA en PLGA debuteerde in de kliniek als biologisch resorbeerbare hechtingen in 1960 en begin 1970, respectievelijk 34-37. Sindsdien hebben deze poly (hydroxyzuren) verwerkt tot een verscheidenheid van andere toepassingsspecifieke vormfactoren, zoals micro- en nanodeeltjes 40,41 38,39, wafers / discs 42, mazen 27,43, 44 schuimen en films 45 </sup>.

Alifatische polyesters, evenals andere polymeren van biomedisch belang, kan worden electrospun op nano- of microfiber maasstructuren bezit een hoge oppervlaktegebied en de poreusheid en treksterkte. Tabel 1 vermeldt de synthetische polymeren electrospun voor diverse biomedische toepassingen en hun overeenkomstige gevonden. Electrospinning en electrospraying zijn snelle en commercieel-schaalbare technieken. Deze twee soortgelijke betekenis berust op het toepassen van hoogspanning (elektrostatische afstoting) op oppervlaktespanning van een polymeeroplossing overwinnen / smelten in een opstelling spuitpomp wanneer het is gericht naar een geaarde doelwit 46,47. Wanneer deze techniek wordt gebruikt in combinatie met lage oppervlakte energie polymeren (hydrofobe polymeren zoals poly (caprolactone- co-glycerol monostearaat)), de resulterende materialen vertonen superhydrophobicity.

Om deze algemene synthetische en materialen verwerken aanpak illustrerenhet construeren superhydrophobic materiaal van biomedische polymeren beschrijven we de synthese van superhydrofobe polycaprolactone- en poly (lactide- co -glycolide) gebaseerde materialen als representatieve voorbeelden. De respectievelijke copolymeer doteerstoffen poly (caprolactone- co-glycerol monostearaat) en poly (lactide- co-glycerol monostearaat) eerst gesynthetiseerd en vervolgens gemengd met polycaprolacton en poly (lactide- co -glycolide), respectievelijk, en tenslotte electrospun of electrospray. De resulterende materialen worden gekenmerkt door SEM beeldvorming en contacthoek goniometrie, en getest op in vitro en in vivo biologische verenigbaarheid. Tenslotte wordt bulk bevochtiging door middel van driedimensionale superhydrophobic mazen onderzocht met behulp van contrast-versterkte Microcomputed tomografie.

Protocol

1. Synthesizing Functionalizable poly (1,3- glycerol carbonaat- co-caprolacton) 29 en de poly (1,3- glycerol carbonaat- co -lactide) 27,28. Monomeer synthese. Los cis-2-fenyl-1,3-dioxaan-5-ol (50 g, 0,28 mol, 1 eq.) In 500 ml droog tetrahydrofuran (THF) en roeren op ijs onder stikstof. Voeg kaliumhydroxide (33,5 g, 0,84 mol, 3 eq.), Fijngemalen met een vijzel en stamper. Plaats de kolf in een ijsbad. Voeg 49,6 ml benzylbromide (71,32 g, 0,42 …

Representative Results

Door middel van een reeks van chemische omzettingen wordt de functionele monomeer carbonaat 5-benzyloxy-1,3-dioxaan-2-on bereid als een witte kristallijne vaste stof (Figuur 1A). 1 H NMR bevestigt de structuur (Figuur 1B) en massaspectrometrie en elementaire analyse bevestigt de samenstelling. Deze vaste stof wordt vervolgens gecopolymeriseerd met ofwel D, L -lactide of ε-caprolacton onder toepassing van een tin-gekatalyseerde ringopeningsreactie bij 140 ° C. Na zu…

Discussion

Onze benadering van het construeren superhydrophobic materiaal van biomedische polymeren combineert synthetische polymeerchemie met het polymeer verwerkingstechnieken van elektrospinnen en electrospraying. Deze technieken bieden ofwel vezels of deeltjes, resp. Concreet zijn polycaprolacton en poly (lactide- co -glycolide) gebaseerd superhydrophobic materialen bereid met behulp van deze strategie. Door het variëren van de hydrofobe polymeer samenstelling procent copolymeer in het eindpolymeermengsel, vezel / de…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Funding was provided in part by BU and the NIH R01CA149561. The authors wish to thank the electrospinning/electrospraying team including Stefan Yohe, Eric Falde, Joseph Hersey, and Julia Wang for their helpful discussions and contributions to the preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic biomaterials.

Materials

Silicone oil Sigma-Aldrich 85409
Cis-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol Sigma-Aldrich 13468
Benzyl bromide Sigma-Aldrich B17905 Toxic, lacrymator/eye irritant, use in chemical fume hood
Potassium hydroxide Sigma-Aldrich 221473 Corrosive
Rotary evaporator Buchi R-124
High-vacuum pump Welch 8907
Nitrogen, ultra high purity Airgas NI UHP300 Compressed gas
Tetrahydrofuran, stabilized with BHT Pharmaco-Aaper 346000 Flammable. Dried through column of XXX
Dichloromethane Pharmaco-Aaper 313000 Flammable, toxic.
Separatory funnel (1 L) Fisher Scientific 13-678-606
Sodium sulfate Sigma-Aldrich 239313
Ethanol, absolute Pharmaco-Aaper 111USP200 Flammable, toxic.
Buchner funnel Fisher Scientific FB-966-F
Methanol Pharmaco-Aaper 339000ACS Flammable, toxic.
Hydrochloric acid Sigma-Aldrich 320331 Corrosive. Diluted to 2N in distilled water.
Ethyl chloroformate, 97% Sigma-Aldrich 185892 Toxic, flammable, harmful to environment
Triethylamine (anhydrous) Sigma-Aldrich 471283 Toxic, flammable, harmful to environment
Diethyl ether Pharmaco-Aaper 373ANHACS Highly flammable. Purified through XXX column.
3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (D,L-lactide) Sigma-Aldrich 303143
Tin (II) ethylhexanoate Sigma-Aldrich S3252 Toxic.
ε-caprolactone (97%) Sigma-Aldrich 704067
Toluene, anhydrous Sigma-Aldrich 244511 Flammable, toxic.
Glass syringe Hamilton Company 1700-series
Deuterated chloroform Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories, Inc. DLM-29-10 Toxic
Nuclear magnetic resonance instrument Varian V400
Palladium on carbon catalyst Strem Chemicals, Inc. 46-1707
Hydrogenator unit Parr 3911
Hydrogenator shaker vessel Parr 66CA
Hydrogen Airgas HY HP300 Highly flammable.
Diatomaceous earth Sigma-Aldrich 22140
2H,2H,3H,3H-perflurononanoic acid Oakwood Products, Inc. 10519 Toxic.
Stearic acid Sigma-Aldrich S4751
N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Sigma-Aldrich D80002 Toxic, irritant.
4-(dimethylamino) pyridine Sigma-Aldrich 107700 Toxic.
Hexanes Pharmaco-Aaper 359000ACS Toxic, flammable.
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) system Rainin
GPC column Waters WAT044228
Differential scanning calorimeter TA Instruments Q100
Chloroform Pharmaco-Aaper 309000ACS Toxic.
N,N-dimethylformamide Sigma-Aldrich 227056 Toxic, flammable.
Polycaprolactone, MW 70-90 kg/mol Sigma-Aldrich 440744
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), MW 136 kg/mol Evonik Industries LP-712
10-mL glass syringe Hamilton Company 81620
18 AWG blunt needle BRICO Medical Supplies BN1815
Electrospinner enclosure box Custom-built N/A Made of acrylic panels
High voltage DC supply Glassman High Voltage, Inc. PS/EL30R01.5 High voltages, electrocution hazard
Linear (translating) stage Servo Systems Co. LPS-12-20-0.2 Optional
Programmable motor & power supply Intelligent Motion Systems, Inc. MDrive23 Plus Optional
24V DC motor & power supply McMaster-Carr 6331K32 Optional
Aluminum collector drum Custom-built Optional
Syringe pump Fisher Scientific 78-0100I
Inverted optical microscope Olympus IX70
Scanning electron microscope Carl Zeiss Supra V55
Conductive copper tape 3M 16072
Aluminum SEM stubs Electron Microscopy Sciences 75200
Contact angle goniometer Kruss DSA100
Propylene glycol Sigma-Aldrich W294004 Toxic.
Ethylene glycol Sigma-Aldrich 324558 Toxic.
Ioxaglate Guerbet
Fetal bovine serum American Type Culture Collection 30-2020
Micro-computed tomography instrument Scanco
Image analysis software (Analyze) Mayo Clinic
Tensile tester Instron 5848
Micrometer Multitoyo 293-340
Calipers Fisher Scientific 14-648-17
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SuperhydrophobicPolymeric MaterialsBiomedical ApplicationsElectrospinningElectrosprayingPolycaprolactonePoly(lactide-co-glycolide)Stearate-modified Poly(glycerol Carbonate)Surface RoughnessPorosityWettabilityPolymer ChemistryProcess EngineeringScalable Techniques
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Kaplan, J., Grinstaff, M. Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. J. Vis. Exp. (102), e53117, doi:10.3791/53117 (2015).
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