测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务
Summary
Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.
Abstract
延迟贴现指的是在当它被延迟相对于当它是立即可用的奖励的值的下降。延迟扣除任务用于识别冷漠点，这反映相等偏好两个二分奖励替代不同的延迟和幅度。冷漠点的关键是评估延迟贴现渐变的形状，因为它们使我们能够隔离延迟对价值的影响。例如，如果在1周的延迟，最大为$ 1,000，无差异点为$ 700个我们知道，对于参与者，1周延迟对应于在值降低了30％。这个视频概括标识冷漠点比较快速和便宜且易于管理的调整量对延迟折现任务。一旦数据已被采集，非线性回归技术通常用于生成贴现曲线。贴现曲线的陡峭程度反映IMP度ulsive选择一组或个人。这些技术已被用于与各种商品，并已确定种群的相对冲动。例如，人与物质滥用问题的折扣延迟奖励更陡比对照参与者。虽然折现度变化作为商品的检查功能，一种商品的折扣相关与贴现其他商品的，这表明，贴现可以是行为1的永久图案。
Introduction
延迟贴现是一种行为现象，影响到很多情况下，人们会遇到延迟贴现是指时间上的近端奖励更高度重视超过时间远端回报的事实。也就是说，奖励价值下降与延迟。这是一个重要的过程，因为很多选择，人们作出涉及直接低质量的成果之间的权衡（例如，一块奶酪蛋糕吃完饭）和延迟高品质的结果 （例如，长期健康）。延迟贴现也已在多种物种中除了人类2,3，包括猴子4,5，大鼠6,7和鸽子8的观察。
在贴现程度的个体差异已被链接到不同的适应不良行为9。奖励的价值下降为延迟根据双曲衰减函数8的功能。随着双曲线衰减，价值下降广泛S采用较短的延迟，但会降低比例没有那么跨越比较长的延迟。马祖尔的结论，即价值双曲会随着延迟的功能是非常重要的，因为双曲线函数能够预测偏好逆转，而其他的理论功能不能没有额外的假设。偏好逆转是一个证据充分的调查10-12的偏爱一个小奖励可以比较快（SSR）在更大的奖励可在未来（LLR）相对远点，如果一个普通的延迟被添加到两个备选方案将扭转。例如，如果，而下班开车回家，饥饿的感觉突然打，一个人可能倾向于而不是等着停在眼前的第一个快餐店相对不健康的零食，直到他们回家换了一块水果或其他一些高品质的小吃。然而，如果在饥饿击中，同时仍然在工作时，当人仍然有步行到他们的车和接近快餐店前，开车在路上，他们更可能决定要等到他们回家的水果。
陡度与奖励下降值作为延迟的函数可以被认为是一个生物体的选择冲动的量度。选择冲动可以被定义为优先选择的SSR超过LLR 13,14- .Higher度脉冲的选择都与使用和滥用各种药物如酒精15,16，香烟17,18，可卡因19，海洛因20,21，和甲基苯丙胺22。更高程度的冲动的选择也与有问题的赌博23，肥胖24,25，和健康状况不佳和人身安全的选择26。
各种任务可以用来评估延迟在人中扣除。例如，参加者可以要求作出的选择和经验，部分或全部的决定与他们的选择（真正的奖励任务27,28），或者他们可能被要求做出假设的替代品之间的决策相关的后果，在这种情况下，他们不会真正遇到与自己选择相关的后果（假设悬赏任务1-3,9 ，15-19,25,29）。类似程度的折扣一般都观察到无论奖励和延迟是否真实或假设的30。管理延迟折扣任务的方式有所不同，不同研究。例如，各种实验室已经给予使用填空题-在空白调查表31，多项选择题问卷32，调整量的过程33的任务，货币的选择问卷34。调整量的任务，最初是由杜，绿色和迈尔森33开发的，并在我们的实验室广泛使用，提供了几个好处。一旦任务被编程的数据收集是自动的，从而限制在整个过程中的人为错误。由于该任务的调节性质，冷漠点达到相对较少的问题，这些问题最小化的参与者都必须在和实验室和限制的无聊的时间。重要的是，该任务提供了详实可靠的数据。调节量的任务将在下面详细说明。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
此视频描述，应采取使用调节量任务进行延迟贴现实验的步骤。该调整量任务比较快速进行（10 – 每名参赛者15分钟），并产生可靠的数据。任务的调整性质提供贴现的个体参与者的程度微调的分析。由于该任务是基于计算机的数据采集是自动化的，它在数据收集过程限制了人为误差和影响。典型任务用于评估假定的结果的贴现，但它也被用来评估实际成果28贴现。一个限制到调整量任务?…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grant R01DA029100 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Materials
| Computer | any | Mac or Windows | |
| Programming Software | Visual Studios | https://www.visualstudio.com | |
| Data Analysis Software | The R Foundation | http://www.r-project.org | |
| Informed Consent Form |
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