オリゴヌクレオチド指向溶出を用いて細胞から同族RNA-タンパク質複合体の単離
Summary
This manuscript describes an approach to isolate select cognate RNPs formed in eukaryotic cells via a specific oligonucleotide-directed enrichment. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by isolating a cognate RNP bound to the retroviral 5′ untranslated region that is composed of DHX9/RNA helicase A.
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein particles direct the biogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation of all mRNAs through distinct combinations of RNA binding proteins. They are composed of position-dependent, cis-acting RNA elements and unique combinations of RNA binding proteins. Defining the composition of a specific RNP is essential to achieving a fundamental understanding of gene regulation. The isolation of a select RNP is akin to finding a needle in a haystack. Here, we demonstrate an approach to isolate RNPs associated at the 5′ untranslated region of a select mRNA in asynchronous, transfected cells. This cognate RNP has been demonstrated to be necessary for the translation of select viruses and cellular stress-response genes.
The demonstrated RNA-protein co-precipitation protocol is suitable for the downstream analysis of protein components through proteomic analyses, immunoblots, or suitable biochemical identification assays. This experimental protocol demonstrates that DHX9/RNA helicase A is enriched at the 5′ terminus of cognate retroviral RNA and provides preliminary information for the identification of its association with cell stress-associated huR and junD cognate mRNAs.
Introduction
Post-transcriptional gene expression is precisely regulated, beginning with DNA transcription in the nucleus. Controlled by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), mRNA biogenesis and metabolism occur in highly dynamic ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), which associate and dissociate with a substrate precursor mRNA during the progression of RNA metabolism1-3. Dynamic changes in RNP components affect the post-transcriptional fate of an mRNA and provide quality assurance during the processing of primary transcripts, their nuclear trafficking and localization, their activity as mRNA templates for translation, and the eventual turnover of mature mRNAs.
Numerous proteins are designated as RBPs by virtue of their conserved amino acid domains, including the RNA recognition motif (RRM), the double-stranded RNA binding domain (RBD), and stretches of basic residues (e.g., arginine, lysine, and glycine)4. RBPs are routinely isolated by immunoprecipitation strategies and are screened to identify their cognate RNAs. Some RBPs co-regulate pre-mRNAs that are functionally-related, designated as RNA regulons5-8. These RBPs, their cognate mRNAs, and sometimes non-coding RNA, form catalytic RNPs that vary in composition; their uniqueness is due to various combinations of associated factors, as well as to the temporal sequence, location, and duration of their interactions9.
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) is a powerful technique to isolate RNPs from cells and to identify associated transcripts using sequence analysis10-13. Moving from candidate to genome-wide screening is feasible through RIP combined with a microarray analysis14 or high-throughput sequencing (RNAseq)15. Likewise, co-precipitating proteins may be identified by mass spectrometry, if they are sufficiently abundant and separable from the co-precipitating antibody16,17. Here, we address the methodology for isolating RNP components of a specific cognate RNA from cultured human cells, although the approach is alterable for soluble lysates of plant cells, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Downstream analyses of the material include candidate identification and validation by immunoblot, mass spectrometry, biochemical enzymatic assay, RT-qPCR, microarray, and RNAseq, as summarized in Figure 1.
Given the fundamental role of RNPs in controlling gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, alterations in the expression of component RBPs or their accessibility to cognate RNAs can be detrimental for the cell and are associated with several types of disorders, including neurological disease18. DHX9/RNA helicase A (RHA) is necessary for the translation of selected mRNAs of cellular and retroviral origins6. These cognate RNAs exhibit structurally-related cis-acting elements within their 5' UTR, which is designated as the post-transcriptional control element (PCE)19. RHA-PCE activity is necessary for the efficient cap-dependent translation of many retroviruses, including HIV-1, and of growth regulatory genes, including junD6,20,21. Encoded by an essential gene (dhx9), RHA is essential to cell proliferation and its down-regulation eliminates cell viability22. The molecular analysis of RHA-PCE RNPs is an essential step to understanding why RHA-PCE activity is necessary to control cell proliferation.
The precise characterization of the RHA-PCE RNP components at steady state or upon physiological perturbation of the cell requires the selective enrichment and capture of the RHA-PCE RNPs in sufficient abundance for downstream analysis. Here, retroviral PCEgag RNA was tagged with 6 copies of the cis-acting RNA binding site for the MS2 coat protein (CP) within the open reading frame. The MS2 coat protein was exogenously co-expressed with PCEgag RNA by plasmid transfection to facilitate the RNP assembly in growing cells. RNPs containing the MS2 coat protein with cognate MS2-tagged PCEgag RNA were immunoprecipitated from the cell extract and captured on magnetic beads (Figure 2a). To selectively capture the RNP components bound to the PCE, the immobilized RNP was incubated with an oligonucleotide complementary to sequences distal to the PCE, forming an RNA-DNA hybrid that is the substrate for RNase H activity. Since PCE is positioned in the 5' terminal of the 5' untranslated region, the oligonucleotide was complementary to the RNA sequences adjacent to the retroviral translation start site (gag start codon). RNase H cleavage near the gag start codon released the 5' UTR complex from the immobilized RNP, which was collected as the eluent. Thereafter, the sample was evaluated by RT-PCR to confirm the capture of PCEgag and by SDS PAGE and immunoblot to confirm the capture of the target MS2 coat protein. A validation of the PCE-associated RNA binding protein, DHX9/RNA helicase A, was then performed.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
The RNP isolation and cognate RNA identification strategy described here is a selective means of investigating a specific RNA-protein interaction and of discovering candidate proteins co-regulating a specific RNP in cells.
The advantage of using oligonucleotide-directed RNase H cleavage to isolate RNPs is the ability to capture and specifically analyze the RNP cis-acting RNA element over heterogeneous RNPs bound downstream to the cis-acting RNA element of interest. Because the abundance of a c…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge support by NIH P50GM103297, P30CA100730 and Comprehensive Cancer P01CA16058.
Materials
| Dynabeads Protein A | Invitrogen | 10002D | |
| Dynabeads Protein G | Invitrogen | 10004D | |
| Anti- FLAG antibody | Sigma | F3165 | |
| Anti- FLAG antibody | Sigma | F7425 | |
| Anti-RHA antibody | Vaxron | PA-001 | |
| TRizol LS reagent | Life technology | 10296-028 | |
| RNase H | Ambion | AM2292 | |
| Chloroform | Fisher Scientific | BP1145-1 | |
| Isopropanol | Fisher Scientific | BP26184 | |
| RNaeasy clean-up column | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| Omniscript reverse transcriptase | Qiagen | 205113 | |
| RNase Out | Invitrogen | 10777-019 | |
| Protease inhibitor cocktail | Roche | 5056489001 | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma | X100 | |
| NP-40 | Sigma | 98379 | |
| Glycerol | Fisher Scientific | 17904 | |
| Random hexamer primers | Invitrogen | N8080127 | |
| Oligo-dT primers | Invitrogen | AM5730G | |
| PCR primers | IDT | Gene specific primers for PCR amplification | |
| Oligonucleotide for RNase H mediated cleavage | IDT | Anti-sense primer for target RNA | |
| Trypsin | Gibco Life technology | 25300-054 | |
| DMEM tissue culture medium | Gibco Life technology | 11965-092 | |
| Fetal bovine serum | Gibco Life technology | 10082-147 | |
| Tris base | Fisher Scientific | BP152-5 | |
| Sodium chloride | Fisher Scientific | S642-212 | |
| Magnesium chloride | Fisher Scientific | BP214 | |
| DTT | Fisher Scientific | R0862 | |
| Sucrose | Fisher Scientific | BP220-212 | |
| Nitrocellulose membrane | Bio-Rad | 1620112 | |
| Magnetic stand | 1.7 ml micro-centrifuge tube holding | ||
| Laminar hood | For animal tissue culture | ||
| CO2 incubator | For animal tissue culture | ||
| Protein gel apparatus | Protein sample separation | ||
| Protein transfer apparatus | Protein sample transfer | ||
| Ready to use protein gels (4-15%) | Protein sample separation | ||
| Table top centrifuge | Pellet down the sample | ||
| Table top rotator | Mix the sample end to end | ||
| Vortex | Mix the samples |
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