Hurtig og konkret vurdering af halogeneringsmidlet peroxidaseaktivitet i leukocytberigede blodprøver
Summary
This protocol describes the quick enrichment of leukocytes from small blood samples for a subsequent specific determination of the halogenating peroxidase activity within the cells. The method can be applied to human and non-human material and may contribute to the evaluation of new inflammatory markers.
Abstract
I dette papir beskrives en protokol for den hurtige og standardiserede berigelse af leukocytter fra små fuldblodsprøver. Denne procedure er baseret på hypotonisk lyse af erythrocytter og kan anvendes på humane prøver samt til blod af ikke-human oprindelse. Den lille indledende prøvevolumen på omkring 50 til 100 pi gør denne metode anvendes på tilbagevendende blodprøveudtagning fra små forsøgsdyr. Desuden er leukocyt berigelse opnås inden for få minutter og med lave materielle indsats vedrørende kemikalier og instrumentering, hvilket gør denne metode anvendelig i flere laboratorie miljøer.
Standardiseret oprensning af leukocytter er kombineret med en meget selektiv farvning metode til at evaluere halogeneringsmiddel peroxidase aktivitet af hæm peroxidaser, myeloperoxidase (MPO) og (EPO), dvs. dannelsen af hypochlorsyrling og hypobromsyrling (HOCI og HOBr). Mens MPO udtrykkes kraftigt i neutrophils, den mest rigelige immun celletype i humant blod og i monocytter, det tilknyttede enzym EPO udelukkende udtrykkes i eosinofiler. Halogeneringsmidlet aktivitet af disse enzymer er rettet ved hjælp af næsten HOCl- og HOBr-specifikke farvestof aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) og den primære peroxidasesubstrat hydrogenperoxid. Ved efterfølgende flowcytometrianalyse alle peroxidase-positive celler (neutrofiler, monocytter, eosinofiler) kan skelnes og deres halogenerende peroxidase aktivitet kan kvantificeres. Da APF farvning kan kombineres med anvendelsen af celleoverflademarkører, kan denne protokol udvides til specifikt leukocyt sub-fraktioner. Metoden kan anvendes til at påvise HOCI og HOBr produktion både i menneskelig og gnavere leukocytter.
I betragtning af den udbredte og forskelligt diskuteret immunologisk rolle af disse enzymatiske produkter i kroniske inflammatoriske sygdomme, kan denne protokol bidrage til en bedre forståelse afimmunologisk relevans af leukocytafledte hæm peroxidaser.
Introduction
Polymorfonukleære leukocytter (PMN'er, også kaldet granulocytter) og monocytter repræsenterer vigtige cellulære komponenter i det medfødte immunsystem i blodet 1,2. De bidrager til den primære forsvar mod patogener samt til aktivering af aktiv immunisering og påbegyndelsen af en systemisk inflammatorisk respons 2-4. Men især neutrofiler, den mest rigelige type granulocytter og monocytter også bidrage væsentligt til regulering og opsigelse af akutte inflammatoriske begivenheder 5. Derfor disse celler kan også spille en vigtig rolle i kroniske inflammatoriske sygdomme som rheumatoid arthritis 6,7. Faktisk astma, en kronisk inflammatorisk luftvejssygdom, er kendetegnet ved en svækket apoptose af eosinofiler, den anden mest granulocyt type i blodet 8. Men apoptose af granulocytter og deres hurtige fjernelse af makrofager er to væsentlige skridt i løbet af cellulære opsigelseaf inflammation 9-11.
I de nævnte immunceller to nært beslægtede enzymer, nemlig myeloperoxidase (MPO, neutrofiler og monocytter) og (EPO, eosinofiler) findes 12,13. Disse hæm peroxidaser er klassisk relateret til den humorale immunrespons, som de to-elektronisk oxidere (pseudo) halogenider til de tilsvarende hypo (pseudo) halous syrer, som er kendt for deres baktericide egenskaber 14-16. Under fysiologiske betingelser MPO hovedsagelig former hypochlorsyrling (HOCl) og hypothiocyanite (- OSCN), mens sidstnævnte og hypobromsyrling (HOBr) udgøres af EPO 17-19. Nye resultater tyder på, at dette (pseudo-) halogenerende enzymaktiviteten også kan bidrage til regulering af inflammatoriske reaktioner og til afslutning af immunreaktioner 20,21. Faktisk blev det HOCI produktion af MPO og afledte produkter vist sig at undertrykke T-celle-baserede adaptive immunresponser 22-2Fire.
For at få mere indsigt i den immunologiske rolle af leukocytter fra det medfødte immunsystem ved kroniske inflammatoriske sygdomme og til at bestemme bidraget fra MPO og EPO til denne fysiologiske funktion udviklede vi en metode til hurtigt at berige leukocytter fra små blodprøver for en efterfølgende specifik bestemmelse af halogenerende peroxidase-aktivitet i disse celler. For erythrocyt udtømning har vi valgt en standardiseret fremgangsmåde, der indbefatter to efterfølgende hypotonisk lyse trin med destilleret vand, hvilket fører til en hurtig leukocyt berigelse ved lave materialeomkostninger. For efterfølgende bestemmelse af halogeneringsmidlet MPO og EPO aktivitet HOCl- og HOBr-specifikke farvestof aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) blev anvendt 25-27. I modsætning til anvendelsen af uspecifik peroxidase farvningsmetoder 28,29, denne fremgangsmåde tillader selektiv detektion af halogenerende peroxidase aktivitet, som ofte forringet på svær inflammation 30,31.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Da neutrofiler er de mest udbredte leukocytter i menneskeblod isoleringen af peroxidase-positive celler ofte kun fokuserer på disse celler og omfatter en adskillelse af neutrofiler fra andre leukocytter ved densitetsgradientcentrifugering 38. Men som neutrofiler er meget mindre rigelige i murine blodprøver 39 for sidstnævnte mere komplicerede metoder skal anvendes 40. Desuden begge metoder også føre til fjernelse af peroxidase-positive monocytter fra prøverne, og på grund af behov…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was made possible by funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 1315883) as well as by the Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB) project 100116526 from a funding of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Materials
| materials/equipment | |||
| 15 ml centrifugation tubes | VWR/Corning | 734-0451 | – |
| 1.5 ml sample tubes | VWR/Eppendorf | 211-2130DE | – |
| Pipettes for volumes up to 5 ml | Eppendorf | e.g. 3120000070 | We are using Eppendorf Resarch plus pipettes with adjustable volumes in the range 1-10 µl, 10-100µl, 100-1000 µl an 500-5000µl |
| laminar flow bench | Thermo Electron Corperation | HeraSafe | – |
| Vortex mixer | Bender & Hobein AG | Vortex Genie 2 | – |
| Tabletop centrifuge | Kendro Laboratory Products | Laborfuge 400R | The centrifuge should be able to be used at 450x g |
| Small centrifuge | eppendorf | 5415D | The centrifuge should be able to be used at 400x g |
| Incubator | Heraeus | cytoperm 2 | Settings: 37 °C, 95% humidity, 5 % CO2 content |
| UV-Vis spectrophotometer | Varian | Cary 50 bio | A spectrum between 200 and 300 nm has to be recorded. Thus quartz cuvettes have to be applied |
| Flow cytometer | Becton, Dickinson | BD Facs Calibur | Any flow cytometer can be used which is equiped with a laser suitable for the excitation of fluorescein (e.g 488 nm argon laser) |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Chemicals | |||
| Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | amresco | K812 | sterile solution, ready to use |
| Sigma-Aldrich | P4417 | tablets for solving in 200 ml millipore water | |
| Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) with Ca(2+) | Sigma-Aldrich | H1387 | 970 mg/100 ml, carefully check and adjust the pH value to 7.4 |
| Hydrochloric acid | Merck Millipore | 1.09057.1000 | 1M solution |
| Sodium hydroxide | Riedel-deHaën | 30620 | Solid pellets. For a 1M solution solve 4 g/100 ml Millipore water |
| Aminophenyl fluorescein | Cayman | 10157 | 5 mg/ml solution (11.81 mM) in methyl acetate, aliquotes of e.g. 100 µl should be prepared and stored at -20 °C |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Sigma-Aldrich | H1009 | This 30% stock solution corresponds to a concentration of about 8.8 M. Further dilutions have to be freshly prepared in distilled water immediately prior to use and quantified by absorbance measurements |
| 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (4-ABAH) | Sigma-Aldrich | A41909 | A first stock solution of 1 M should be prepared in DMSO a second one of 100 mM by 1:10 dilution in HBSS |
| DMSO | VWR chemicals | 23500.26 | – |
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