破壊強度試験および定量的CTベースの有限要素解析のための近位の死体大腿骨の準備
Summary
我々は慎重に維持し、破壊試験および定量的コンピュータ断層撮影用の死体大腿骨を準備する方法の堅牢なプロトコルを提示します。この方法は、骨密度、破壊強度との関係を決定し、有限要素モデルの幾何学的形状および特性を定義するために入力条件を正確に制御を提供します。
Abstract
死体の破壊試験を日常的に、近位大腿骨の強度に影響を与える要因を理解するために使用されます。 ex vivoでの生物学的組織は経時的にその機械的性質を失う傾向があるので、実験的試験のための準備を慎重に行わなければならない、インビボ条件下で表す信頼できる結果を得るために、検体。そのため、私たちはその機械的性質は、最小限の変更を経験したように、大腿骨の標本を準備するためのプロトコルや備品のセットを設計しました。大腿骨は、調製工程及び機械試験中以外は冷凍状態で維持しました。全股関節及び大腿骨頸部骨密度（BMD）の関連する臨床尺度は、臨床デュアルX線吸収測定（DXA）、骨密度計を用いて得られ、3Dジオメトリ及び骨ミネラルの分布は、較正ファントムのためでCTを用いて得られましたグレースケール値に基づいて定量的推定。すべての可能な骨疾患、骨折、またはインプラントまたは骨構造に影響を及ぼすアーチファクトの存在は、X線スキャンで除外されました。調製のために、すべてのボーンを慎重に余分な軟組織を洗浄し、そして関心の内部回転角にカットし、鉢上げました。切断器具は、骨の遠位端が所望の長さで近位大腿骨を残して遮断することを可能にしました。後でCTスキャンおよび機械的テスト中に所定の角度で大腿骨頸部の位置決めを可能にするために、大腿骨近位部シャフトは、所望の配向のために特別に設計された固定具を用いて、ポリメチルメタクリレート（PMMA）で鉢植えしました。我々の実験から収集されたデータは、その後、定量的コンピュータ断層撮影（QCT）の検証のために使用された別のプロトコルに記載のように、有限要素解析（FEA）をベース。本稿では、我々は機械的試験及びその後のQCT / FEAモデリングのための正確な骨の調製のためのプロトコルを提示します。現在のプロトコルは、成功し、約200 CADを作製するために適用されました6年の期間にわたるaveric大腿骨。
Introduction
Determining the true cadaveric proximal femoral fracture strength with mechanical testing is a destructive method that requires a rigorous testing approach for accurate measurements. In particular, proper bone preparation methods are necessary to maintain near in vivo integrity of the bones prior to mechanical fracture testing1. This is achieved by proper bone storage and minimizing handling at room temperature. This test data is extensively used to validate QCT/FEA models of femoral fracture which have the potential to be used clinically to understand the fracture risk, especially in osteoporotic patients. Unfortunately, there is no current standard procedure to prepare proximal femur samples for mechanical testing. A good testing procedure should ensure repeatability and reproducibility of the preparation process. Therefore, fixtures required for sample preparation need to be carefully designed and fabricated to minimize the likelihood of various testing errors. We also need to minimize the preparation time for which bone tissue is at room temperature and thus in danger of degradation with irreversible changes in mechanical properties.
To this end, we have developed a procedure that preserves bone tissue across multiple preparation steps. This is important to ensure minimal exposure time at room temperature while also minimizing the number of freeze/thaw cycles which can affect tissue physical properties2. The entire procedure is long and nontrivial as the steps occurred over multiple weeks and required scheduling for scanning procedures and personnel availability. The steps included thawing bone samples, screening the samples using DXA scanning to obtain bone mineral density (BMD) values, X-ray to rule out any diseased specimens, and finally CT scanning to estimate distribution of bone mineral and femoral geometry. All the specimens were prepared for testing by removing extraneous soft tissues from the bone surface, cutting the femur to a length required for testing, and potting the femur in a desired orientation for simulating a sideways fall on the hip during subsequent testing. It is essential to keep the time period for all these operations as short as possible. A robust protocol is thus mandatory for consistent specimen preparation, tissue preservation between steps, and for reducing the overall preparation time.
The aim of this paper is to present in detail the procedures involved in the preparation of femoral samples for subsequent mechanical testing under various conditions. Preservation of the bone tissue is crucial in this process and we achieved it by keeping specimens frozen between steps and keeping them carefully wrapped in saline saturated towels at all times except when scanning and mechanically testing the bones. Femora were also kept wrapped in saline wet towels during the steps involving PMMA curing to prevent dryness of the bone tissue.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
私たちは、ヒップ構成の横秋に大腿骨強度の機械的試験及びQCT / FEAモデリングを確保するための強固な骨調製プロトコルを提示しました。この方法は、弊社の標準の社内プロトコルとなりました。 6年の歳月をかけて、様々な人材で、約200大腿骨は正常にこのプロトコルに従って調製しました。プロトコルの結果は、転移性疾患、以前の骨折、またはX線を使用してインプラントを除外、DXAを?…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
私たちは、技術サポートのためのメイヨークリニックでの材料と構造Testingコアファシリティーに感謝したいと思います。また、我々は、研究中の彼らの助けのために、ローレンス・J・ベルグルンド、ブラントニューマン、ジョーンオペアンプデンBuijs、博士に感謝したいと思います。この研究は、財政グレインジャー財団からグレインジャーイノベーション基金によってサポートされていました。
Materials
| CT potting container and scanning fixture | Internally manufactured | N/A | Custom designed and manufactured |
| CT scanner | Siemens | Somatom Definition scanner (Siemens, Malvern, PA) | CT scanning equipment |
| Quantitative CT Phantom | Midways Inc, San Francisco, CA | Model 3 CT calibration Phantom | Used for obtaining BMD values from Hounsfield units in the CT image |
| Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry scanner | General Electric | N/A | GE Lunar iDXA scanner for bone health or any similar BMD scanners |
| Hygenic Orhodontic Resin (PMMA) | Patterson Dental Supply | H02252 | Controlled substance and can be purchased with proper approval |
| Freezer | Kenmore | N/A | This is a -20oC storage for bones |
| X-ray scanner | General Electric | 46-270615P1 | X-ray imaging equipment. |
| X-ray films | Kodak | N/A | Used to display x-ray images |
| X-ray developer | Kodak X-Omatic | M35A X-OMAT | Used for developing X-ray images |
| X-ray Cassette | Kodak X-Omatic | N/A | Used for holding x-ray films |
| 5-pound Rice Bags | Great Value | N/A | Used for mimicking soft tissue during the DXA scanning process |
| Physiologic Saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride) | Baxter | NDC 0338-0048-04 | Used for keeping samples hydrated |
| Scalpels and scrapers | Bard-Parker | N/A | Used to clean the bone from soft tissue |
| Cast cutter | Stryker | 810-BD001 | Used to cut femoral shaft |
| Drilling machine | Bosch | N/A | Used to drill the femoral shaft |
| Fume Hood | Hamilton | 70532 | Used for ventilation when using making PMMA |
Riferimenti
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