Summary

用于评估单边空间忽视的虚拟现实工具:数据收集的新机遇

Published: March 10, 2021
doi:

Summary

目标是设计,构建和试点一种新的虚拟现实任务,以检测和表征单侧空间忽视,这是一种影响23-46%急性中风幸存者的综合征,扩大了虚拟现实在神经系统疾病的研究和管理中的作用。

Abstract

单侧空间忽视 (USN) 是一种以空间一侧注意力不集中或不活动为特征的综合征,影响 23-46% 的急性卒中幸存者。在个体患者中诊断和表征这些症状可能具有挑战性,并且通常需要熟练的临床工作人员。虚拟现实(VR)为USN患者开发新颖的评估工具提供了机会。

我们的目标是设计和构建一种VR工具来检测和表征微妙的USN症状,并在与USN相关的皮质区域的抑制性重复经颅磁刺激(TMS)治疗的受试者身上测试该工具。

我们通过将TMS应用于与视觉空间处理相关的两个不同皮层区域 – 上颞回(STG)和上边缘回(SMG) – 创造了三个实验条件,并应用假TMS作为对照。然后,我们将受试者置于虚拟现实环境中,要求他们识别花朵横向不对称的花朵分布在两个半空间中的灌木丛中,并根据每个受试者的表现进行动态难度调整。

我们发现在STG受刺激的受试者和在SMG受刺激的受试者之间的平均头部偏航存在显着差异,并且在平均视觉轴上的影响略显着。

VR技术正变得越来越容易获得,负担得起和强大,为创建有用且新颖的游戏式工具提供了令人兴奋的机会。与TMS结合使用,这些工具可用于研究健康受试者中特定的,孤立的,人为的神经缺陷,为因获得性脑损伤而患有缺陷的患者创建基于VR的诊断工具提供信息。这项研究是我们所知的第一个通过VR任务评估人工产生的USN症状的研究。

Introduction

单侧空间忽视 (USN) 是一种以空间一侧注意力不集中或不活动为特征的综合征,影响 23-46% 的急性卒中幸存者,最常见的是右脑半球损伤,并导致忽视空间左侧和/或幸存者身体的倾向12。虽然大多数 USN 患者在短期内会经历显著的恢复,但轻微的 USN 症状往往持续存在3。USN可增加患者跌倒的风险并阻碍日常生活活动24 它也被证明会对运动和整体功能结局产生负面影响56

USN中的缺陷可以被概念化为存在于多个维度上,例如一个人是否忽略了空间的一侧相对于自己的身体(自我中心)或相对于外部刺激(同种中心)789,或者一个人是否无法将他们的注意力(注意力)或行动(有意)指向空间的一侧10.患者通常表现出一系列复杂的症状,这些症状可以沿着这些维度中的一个以上进行表征。USN综合征的这种变异性被认为是由于对特定神经解剖结构和神经元网络的不同程度的损伤引起的,这些结构和神经元网络是复杂的11。异中心忽视与角回 (AG) 和上颞回 (STG) 的病变有关,而包括边缘上回 (SMG) 在内的后顶叶皮质 (PPC) 与以自我为中心的处理有关12131415。注意忽视被认为涉及右侧IPL16的病变,而故意忽视被认为是继发于右额叶17 或基底神经节损伤18

USN的临床评估目前依赖于纸笔神经心理学仪器。这些传统的评估工具可能比技术更复杂的工具更不敏感,导致一些USN19患者的误诊或诊断不足。更好地表征残余缺陷可以促进向较轻的USN患者提供治疗,并可能改善其整体康复,但这种表征需要非常灵敏的诊断工具。USN在实验室环境中也提出了类似的挑战,在实验室环境中,很难从中风患者中通常伴随USN的运动和视觉障碍中分离出来。

虚拟现实(VR)为开发用于诊断和表征USN的新工具提供了独特的机会。VR是一种多感官3D环境,以第一人称呈现,具有实时交互,个人能够执行涉及生态有效对象的任务20。它是评估USN的有前途的工具;精确控制用户所见所闻的能力使开发人员能够向用户呈现各种虚拟任务。此外,目前可用的复杂硬件和软件包允许实时收集有关用户动作的大量数据,包括眼睛,头部和肢体运动,远远超过传统诊断测试提供的指标21。这些数据流是即时可用的,为根据用户性能实时调整诊断任务提供了可能性(例如,针对给定任务的理想难度级别)。此功能可以促进任务适应USN中看到的广泛严重程度,这被视为USN22新诊断工具开发中的优先事项。此外,沉浸式VR任务可能会增加患者注意力资源的负担2324,导致错误增加,从而有助于发现忽视症状;事实上,与USN2425的传统纸笔测量相比,一些VR任务已被证明具有更高的灵敏度。

在这项研究中,目标是创建一种评估工具,该工具不需要神经病学方面的专业知识即可操作,并且可以可靠地检测和表征USN的微妙病例。我们构建了一个基于虚拟现实的、类似游戏的任务。然后,我们通过经颅磁刺激(TMS)在健康受试者中诱导USN样综合征,这是一种无创性脑刺激技术,利用手持式刺激线圈发出的电磁脉冲,其穿过受试者的头皮和头骨,并在受试者的大脑中感应电流,刺激神经元2627。该技术已被其他人用于USN的研究1317282930,尽管据我们所知,从未与基于VR的评估工具结合使用。

许多研究人员已经在研究VR系统的诊断和治疗应用。最近的评论3132探索了许多旨在使用基于VR的技术评估USN的项目,并且已经发表了许多其他与此目标的研究33,3435363738394041.这些研究中的大多数都没有利用目前消费者市场可用的VR技术的全部补充(例如,头戴式显示器(HMD)和眼动追踪插件),将他们的数据集限制在数量较少的易于量化的指标上。此外,所有这些研究都是针对导致USN的获得性脑损伤患者进行的,需要筛查方法以确保患者至少可以参与评估任务(例如,排除具有大视野缺损或认知障碍的患者)。更微妙的认知,运动或视觉缺陷可能低于这些筛查方法的阈值,可能会混淆这些研究的结果。这种筛查也有可能使这些研究中的参与者的样本偏向于USN的特定亚型。

为了避免先前研究的筛查偏倚,我们招募了健康受试者,并使用标准TMS方案人工模拟USN症状,该方案在最近的手稿中得到了很好的描述15,目的是通过靶向STG诱导异心的USN样症状,并通过靶向SMG诱导以自我为中心的USN样症状。我们设计的任务是积极地将其难度试验调整到试验,并区分USN的不同亚型,特别是同种异体与以自我为中心的症状。我们还使用USN的标准纸笔评估来正式证明我们用rTMS诱导的缺陷是类似于USN的。我们相信这种方法对于想要测试用于评估和恢复USN的新型VR工具的其他研究人员将是有用的。

Protocol

本研究已获得当地机构审查委员会的批准 ,并符合良好临床实践指南规定的所有标准。所有参与者在任何研究程序开始之前都提供了知情同意。预计研究参与者将参加三个单独的会议(如表1所示)。实验的元素在下面以逐步的方式描述。会话顺序是随机的。 分会场 A Pre-rT…

Representative Results

使用上述协议从健康个体收集数据,以演示如何分析可以从虚拟现实任务中提取的不同变量以检测组之间的细微差异。 在这项研究中,7名平均年龄为25.6岁,平均受教育年限为16.8年的7人(2名男性)每人接受了三次单独的TMS课程。这些受试者被分为两组:四名参与者在上缘回(SMG)接受重复TMS,而其他三名参与者在上颞回(STG…

Discussion

我们分别用TMS和VR成功诱导和测量了USN症状。虽然与虚假试验相比,我们没有显着的结果,但我们能够比较不同实验组之间自我中心忽视(平均头部角度,在任一半空间中观看花朵所花费的时间)和同种中心忽视(选择左侧花瓣不对称与右侧花朵的表现)的多个指标,并发现在STG刺激的受试者和在SMG受刺激的受试者之间的平均头部角度存在显着差异。和平均视觉轴中略微显着的效果。有趣的是,?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了宾夕法尼亚大学大学研究基金(URF)和美国心脏协会脑血管疾病和中风学生奖学金的支持。特别感谢认知和神经刺激实验室的研究人员,临床医生和工作人员的持续支持。

Materials

AirFilm Coil (AFC) Rapid Version Magstim N/A Air-cooled TMS coil
Alienware 17 R4 Laptop Dell N/A NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (full specs at https://topics-cdn.dell.com/pdf/alienware-17-laptop_users-guide_en-us.pdf)
BrainSight 2.0 TMS Neuronavigation Software Rogue Research Inc N/A TMS neural targeting software
CED 1902 Isolated pre-amplifier Cambridge Electronic Design Limted N/A EMG pre-amplifier
CED Micro 401 mkII Cambridge Electronic Design Limted N/A Multi-channel waveform data acquisition unit
CED Signal 5 Cambridge Electronic Design Limted N/A Sweep-based data acquisition and analysis software. Used to measure TMS evoked motor responses.
HTC Vive Binocular Add-on Pupil Labs N/A HTC Vive, Vive Pro, or Vive Cosmos eye tracking add-on with 2 x 200Hz eye cameras.
Magstim D70 Remote Coil Magstim N/A Hand-held TMS coil
Magstim Super Rapid 2 plus 1 Magstim N/A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit
Unity 2018 Unity N/A cross-platform VR game engine
Vive Pro HTC Vive N/A VR hardware system with external motion sensors; 1440×1600 pixels per eye, 90 Hz refresh rate, 110° FoV

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Citazione di questo articolo
Schwab, P. J., Miller, A., Raphail, A., Levine, A., Haslam, C., Coslett, H. B., Hamilton, R. H. Virtual Reality Tools for Assessing Unilateral Spatial Neglect: A Novel Opportunity for Data Collection. J. Vis. Exp. (169), e61951, doi:10.3791/61951 (2021).

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