Summary

小尺寸远程模型日本美达卡(奥里齐亚斯拉蒂普斯)的果纳切除术和血液采样程序

Published: December 11, 2020
doi:

Summary

本文描述了一个快速协议去纳切除术和采样血液从小远程鱼,使用日本美达卡(Oryzias拉蒂普斯)作为模型,以调查性类固醇在动物生理中的作用。

Abstract

性类固醇,由腺体产生,在大脑和垂体组织可塑性和神经内分泌控制所有脊椎动物通过提供大脑和垂体的反馈发挥关键作用。与哺乳动物相比,Teleost鱼在组织可塑性和生殖策略变化方面具有较高的水平,似乎是研究性类固醇的作用及其作用机制的有用模型。去除性类固醇生产的主要来源使用腺切除术与血液采样测量类固醇水平已经建立和相当可行的大鱼, 是一个强大的技术来调查性类固醇的作用和影响.但是,当在小型远程模型中实施时,这些技术会带来挑战。在这里,我们描述了日本母体的妇腺切除术的分步程序,然后是血液采样。这些协议被证明是非常可行的美达卡表明高存活率, 安全的寿命和表型的鱼, 并在性别类固醇清除方面可重复性.使用这些程序结合使用这种小远程模型的其他优势将大大提高对脊椎动物中性类固醇提供的生殖神经内分泌控制和组织可塑性的反馈机制的理解。

Introduction

在脊椎动物中,性类固醇,主要是由性腺动物产生的,通过各种反馈机制1,2,3,4,5在大脑-脑-脑-淋巴(BPG)轴的调节中起着重要的作用。此外,性类固醇影响大脑6,7,8和内分泌细胞,包括脑垂体9,10神经元的增殖和活动,从而在大脑和垂体可塑性的关键作用。 尽管在哺乳动物方面知识相对较好,但由性类固醇调停的BPG轴调节机制在非哺乳动物物种中还远远不为人所知,导致对进化保护原则的理解不充分。仍然有数量有限的研究记录性类固醇在大脑和垂体可塑性的作用, 从而提出了进一步研究性类固醇对各种脊椎动物物种的作用和影响的需要.

在脊椎动物中,远程运动已成为解决许多生物和生理问题的有力示范动物,包括应激反应12、13、生长14、15、营养生理16、17和繁殖2。Teleosts, 其中性别类固醇主要代表雌二 (E2) 和 11- 酮睾酮 (11-KT) 在男性18,19,长期以来一直是可靠的实验模型, 以调查跨物种繁殖的一般原理.Teleosts在下丘脑脑垂体连接20、21和独特的角细胞22中表现出独特性,这有时便于解释调节机制。此外,由于远程实验既适应实验室实验又进行实地实验,因此与其他生物体相比,远程运动具有许多优势。他们相对便宜购买和维持23,24。特别是小型远程模型,如斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和日本美达卡(Oryzias latipes),是具有非常高的活性,生命周期相对较短的物种,能够快速分析基因功能和疾病机制23,从而提供了更大的优势,解决大量的生物和生理问题,考虑到许多发达的协议和遗传工具包可用于这些物种25。

在许多研究中,去除淋巴(淋巴切除术)以及血液采样技术已被用作研究许多生理问题的方法,包括它对26、27、28、鸟类29和两栖动物30种哺乳动物的脊椎动物生殖生理学的影响。虽然腺切除术对生殖生理的影响可以替代模仿性类固醇拮抗剂,如塔莫西芬和氯米芬,药物的作用似乎是不一致的,由于双模效应31,32。长期接触性类固醇拮抗剂可能导致卵巢扩大33,34,这可能会禁用观察其影响的长期目的, 由于不健康的表型.此外, 不可能进行性类固醇拮抗剂治疗后的恢复实验, 以保证某些性类固醇的具体效果.与上述点, 性类固醇对抗剂使用的其他权衡已广泛审查31,32.因此, 结核切除术今天仍然作为一个强大的技术来研究性类固醇的作用.

虽然去角切除术和血液采样技术在更大的物种中相对容易执行, 如欧洲海贝(迪森特拉丘斯拉布拉克斯)35,蓝头瓦塞(塔拉索马双发)36,狗鱼(西利奥尔希努斯犬)37和猫鱼(异种化石克拉里亚斯浴场)38,39,他们提出了挑战时,应用在小鱼作为梅达卡。例如,使用鱼麻醉输送系统(FADS)40不太可行,而且似乎容易对小鱼造成过度的身体伤害。此外,通常用于大鱼40的腺切除术不适合需要高精度以避免过度伤害的小鱼。最后,由于获得血管的机会有限,而且这些动物的血液量很小,血液采样具有挑战性。因此,在小手术中展示造血术和血液采样的每一步的明确协议非常重要。

该协议演示了腺切除术的分步程序,随后在日本产自东亚的小淡水鱼——日本美中进行血液取样。日本的美田有一个测序的基因组,几个分子和遗传工具可用25,和一个基因性别测定系统,允许调查性差异之前,二次性特征或性腺发育良好41。有趣的是,日本美达卡拥有融合的果子虫,这与许多其他的远程物种42相反。这两种技术加起来总共只需要8分钟,将完成该物种已经存在的视频协议列表,其中包括血管标签43,垂体部分44 和脑神经元45的补丁夹,和原细胞培养46。这些技术将使研究社区调查和更好地了解性类固醇在反馈机制中的作用,以及大脑和垂体可塑性在未来。

Protocol

所有实验和动物处理都是根据挪威生命科学大学关于实验动物福利的建议进行的。挪威食品安全局(FOTS ID 24305)批准了使用淋病切除术的实验。 注:实验采用成年男性和女性(6-7个月大,体重约0.35克,长度约2.7厘米)日本美的进行。性别是通过区分次要性特征,如背鳍和肛鳍的大小和形状,如42,47描述确定。 …

Representative Results

该协议描述了在小尺寸模型远程手术(日本医疗)中执行腺切除术和血液采样的每一步。雌性卵巢切除术(OVX)后鱼类的存活率为100%(10条鱼类中的10条),而94%(18条鱼类中的17条)的雄性在兰花切除术后存活下来。同时,在进行血液采样手术后,所有(38条鱼)都幸存了下来。 沙姆操作的雌性显示卵子(图6A?…

Discussion

如以往文献所报道,在其他模型物种中,长期以来一直使用造血术和血液采样来调查与性别类固醇在BPG轴调节中的作用有关的问题。然而,这些技术似乎只适合更大的动物。考虑到常用的远程模型(日本美田)体积小,我们为该物种的去结肠切除术和血液采样提供了详细的协议。

果子切除术鱼类的成活率达到近100%,表明在麦田上应用果子切除术是可行的。同样,血液采样过?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者感谢卢尔德·卡伦·谭女士在养鱼方面给予的帮助。这项工作由NMBU、日本科学促进会(JSPS)的助学金(赠款编号18H04881和18K19323)资助,并资助住友基金会至S.K.的基础科学研究项目。

Materials

Glass capilary GD1 Glass Capillary with Filament GD-1; Narishige
Heparin sodium salt H4784-1G Sigma-aldrich
Needle puller P97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette puller Model P-97; Sutter Instrument
Nylon thread N45VL Polyamide suture, 0.2 metric; Crownjun
Plastic tube T9661 Eppendorf Safe-lock microcentifuge tube 1.5 ml, Sigma-aldrich
Razor blade Astra Superior Platinum Double Edge Razor Blades Green, salonwholesale.com
Silicone capillary a16090800ux0403 Uxcell Silicone Tube 1 mm ID x 2 mm OD, amazon.com 
Tricaine WXBC9102V Aldrich chemistry

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Royan, M. R., Kanda, S., Kayo, D., Song, W., Ge, W., Weltzien, F., Fontaine, R. Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). J. Vis. Exp. (166), e62006, doi:10.3791/62006 (2020).

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