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Biologia

用光诱捕器收集海洋Gnathiid等足类鱼类寄生虫

Published: September 25, 2023
doi:
10.3791/65059
, , ,
1Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences,Silliman University, 2Neurolinx Research Institute, 3Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric and Earth Sciences,University of Miami, 4Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,North-West University

Summary

我们提出了一种通过屏气潜水或水肺潜水 在 野外地点放置的光陷阱收集海洋gnathiid等足类鱼类寄生虫的方法。

Abstract

提出了一种利用光诱捕器收集海洋等足类鱼类寄生虫的方法。Gnathiid等足类动物是一大类海洋鱼类寄生虫，主要在夜间以宿主鱼类的血液和液体为食。就像陆地上的蜱虫和蚊子一样，它们只是暂时与宿主交往，大部分时间都在底栖生物中自由生活。鉴于它们的高流动性和短暂的，主要是夜间与宿主的联系，它们不容易通过捕获自由生活的宿主来收集。然而，它们很容易被水下光源吸引，从而有机会将它们收集在光阱中。这里概述了部署和处理特殊改装的光阱所涉及的设计和各个步骤，以收集gnathiid等足动物的自由生活阶段。介绍并讨论了样品结果和基本方案的可能修改，以满足各种不同的采样需求。

Introduction

寄生甲壳类动物在珊瑚鱼类的生态和生活史中很重要。它们从宿主身上去除的生物量和能量相当可观，并影响行为、生理和生存1.Gnathiid等足类甲壳类动物是热带和亚热带珊瑚礁系统中最突出的鱼类寄生虫群，它们既丰富又多样2,3，是清洁鱼类的主要食物4,5。蜥蜴的尺寸一般为1-3毫米。它们有不寻常的生活史，其中只有三个幼年阶段以鱼类的血液和体液为食6,7。它们在夜间最活跃 8,9，虽然视觉似乎发挥了一些作用，但宿主寻找 10 在很大程度上依赖于嗅觉线索来寻找宿主11,12。三个幼鱼摄食阶段中的每一个都以一条寄主鱼为食，每个摄食期由一个蜕皮期分开。最后摄食后，第三阶段幼虫为非摄食的成虫，繁殖后死亡。鉴于觅食只需要与宿主短暂的结合，而每个相互摄食间隔持续数天，蛤蜊动物一生中的大部分时间都在底栖动物中自由生活。

Gnathiids以多种方式影响宿主1.除了作为清洁鱼类与客户之间相互作用的驱动因素13,14,15之外，gnathiids还可以增加成年鱼宿主的皮质醇水平并降低血细胞比容16，并且数量众多，甚至可能导致死亡17。对于幼鱼来说，即使是单一的gnathiid也可能是致命的18,19,20，即使鱼幸存下来，它争夺空间和逃避捕食者的能力也会受到影响20,21,22。避免gnathiids甚至可能是一些珊瑚鱼类夜间迁徙的好处之一23。

除了清洁的鱼类外，gnathiid种群还可能受到其他微型肉食性鱼类24以及珊瑚25,26的影响。海洋变暖和相关的活珊瑚损失似乎对gnathiids产生了相反的影响27,28,29。

鉴于它们明显的生态重要性以及人为环境变化对其种群的可能影响，有令人信服的理由将它们纳入珊瑚礁的生态研究。然而，它们独特的生活史和研究它们的研究人员数量很少，为开发、实施和传播可靠的、可重复的采样方法来收集它们进行研究造成了障碍。

光陷阱长期以来一直用于在夜间收集小型海洋生物30,31。它们利用并基于许多夜间活动生物（包括节肢动物）被光吸引的事实。传统上，它们被用来收集水柱30中的浮游生物。然而，基本原理可以应用于收集在底栖动物附近活跃的自由游泳生物。在这里，我们提出了一种光捕获方法，适用于在菲律宾等偏远珊瑚礁环境中收集海底附近gnathiid等足动物的自由生活阶段。对于在偏远地区收集，这些光阱（图1）比为收集这些生物而开发的其他方法具有一些优势32。它们非常便携和耐用，只需要三个零件，易于获得且价格低廉。它们也是负浮力的，因为当展开时，它们完全充满了海水。因为它们依靠光来吸引，所以它们只在夜间有效地收集夜间活跃的物种。它们还吸引比目标物种更多的物种，需要在解剖范围内对样品进行分类以获得目标生物。到目前为止，我们的团队和合作者已经使用三种方法来收集世界各地珊瑚礁系统中的gnathiids32。这些包括出现陷阱、活鱼诱饵陷阱和轻型陷阱，每种陷阱都有优点和局限性。

Protocol

根据菲律宾法律法规（RA 9147;粮农组织233），并由西利曼大学（SU）动物伦理委员会批准。 1. 光陷阱 建设用最初设计用于管道的商用聚氯乙烯 （PVC） 管构建光陷阱。使用直径10-15厘米的PVC切割成30-40厘米长（图1）。 在管的两端，添加PVC“盖”，在开口的中心插入透明丙烯酸漏斗，并用透明环氧胶粘合到位（<strong class="…

Representative Results

对于菲律宾中部的采样，使用了概述的疏水阀设计（图1）。当设置36个陷阱过夜（在一个地点）时，每个陷阱收集1至1343个gnathiid（275±54）。这些包括喂养和未喂养的幼年阶段（图2; 表 1、2）。这些结果表明了光阱在研究条件下收集gnathiid等足动物的有效性。 图3 显示了疏水阀在水下的位置。 这?…

Discussion

传统的光诱捕器，例如用于收集幼鱼的诱捕器，很大，悬浮在水柱34中。相比之下，这里描述的光阱很小，部署在海底。这些疏水阀易于运输和快速部署。它们可以通过屏气（自由）潜水放置在浅水区（如本研究中）或深水潜水，并吸引喂食和未喂食
少年阶段。

我们的团队和合作者已将此处描述的用于研究gnathiid的底栖光阱的变体用于各种目的，并且可以…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

资金由美国国家科学基金会（NSF OCE 2023420和DEB 2231250，P. Sikkel PI）提供。我们感谢菲律宾东内格罗斯杜马格特市允许进行这项研究。我们还感谢许多志愿者的实地援助，以及西利曼大学环境与海洋科学研究所的工作人员和同事的支持。

Materials

Buckets, small sample containers hardware store
Funnels Supplier No. 2209-03 Funnels: AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC LLC SE - 75 mm (3”)  https://us.vwr.com/store/product/8884369/plastic-funnels
Main body of light traps (made from commercially available PVC sanitarty pipes) (SKU 145640)  Alasco Sanitary uPVC Pipes Series 1000 107mm/4'  https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-pipe-series-1000/.  This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used
Modeling clay  Can be found in art suppliy and childreans toy stores To seal the funnel after retreival
Plankton mesh (50-100 µm) any reputable brand and source https://www.adkinstruments.in/products/plankton-nets-in-various-mesh-size-1633936883
Screw on lids for the light trap Alasco  Sanitary  Clean-Out  4" https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-clean-out/. This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used
Scuba/snorkel equipment any reputable brand and source
Stereo-microscopes Scientific suppliers
Underwater touches Princeton Tec Ecoflare or Fantasea Nanospotter 6023
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Riferimenti

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Tags

Marine Gnathiid IsopodFish ParasitesReef EcologyLife HistoryLight TrapsCollecting MethodsNocturnal OrganismsCoral ReefsPortable TrapsPlankton Sampling

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Citazione di questo articolo
Shodipo, M. O., Lauguico, R. Y., Stiefel, K. M., Sikkel, P. C. Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps. J. Vis. Exp. (199), e65059, doi:10.3791/65059 (2023).
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