Summary

血管功能在慢性肾脏疾病的评估

Published: June 16, 2014
doi:

Summary

血管功能障碍和促进生理机制的程度可以在慢性肾脏病通过测量肱动脉血流介导的舒张,主动脉脉搏波速度和血管内皮细胞的蛋白表达进行评估。

Abstract

慢性肾脏病(CKD)相比,总人口显著增加心血管疾病(CVD)的风险,这是由传统的心血管病危险因素只能部分解释。血管功能障碍是一种重要的非传统的危险因素,其特征在于,血管内皮功能障碍(最常见的评估为减值内皮依赖性扩张[EDD])和大的弹性动脉的硬化。虽然各种技术存在来评估的EDD和大的弹性动脉僵硬,最常用的是肱动脉血流介导的舒张(FMD BA)和主动脉脉搏波速度(aPWV),分别为。两者的血管功能障碍这些非侵入性的措施是患者和无肾脏疾病的未来心血管事件的独立预测因素。慢性肾脏病患者宣扬受损的口蹄疫学士学位 ,并增加aPWV。而其中的确切机制血管功能障碍德韦洛普斯在CKD的不完全理解,增加的氧化应激和随后的还原中一氧化氮(NO)的生物利用度是非常重要的贡献者。在氧化应激的细胞的变化可以通过从肘前静脉收集血管内皮细胞和测定用免疫荧光氧化应激标志物的蛋白的表达进行评估。我们在这里提供的这些方法的讨论来衡量口蹄疫BA,aPWV和血管内皮细胞蛋白的表达。

Introduction

慢性肾脏病(CKD)是已经达到了流行病的程度,影响〜人口的11.5%,在美国就有1一个重要的公共卫生问题。 CKD患者心血管死亡或心血管事件的风险显著增加,与普通人群相比2-4。虽然CKD患者表现出传统的心血管危险因素的患病率较高,这只能说明他们增加的心血管疾病发生率(CVD)5的一部分。血管功能障碍是获得在肾脏病6-9领域日益认识到一个重要的非传统的心血管危险因素。

尽管许多变化可能的动脉功能障碍的发展做出贡献,在那些最令人关注的是血管内皮功能障碍的发展,最常用评估为减值内皮依赖性舒张功能(EDD)和LA的硬化RGE弹力型动脉10。各种技术的存在是为了评估EDD和大的弹性动脉僵硬,但最常用的是分别肱动脉血流介导的舒张口蹄疫BA和主动脉脉搏波速度(aPWV)。另一种常用的技术评估EDD是测量前臂血流反应使用静脉闭塞体积描记法11,12药理剂,如乙酰胆碱。然而,这种方法需要肱动脉,这比口蹄疫BA更具侵入性的,可能在CKD患者是禁忌的导尿。一种替代技术来评估动脉僵硬度是测量颈总动脉的局部动脉顺应性(刚度的倒数),虽然这是不广泛使用或证实与临床终点作为aPWV 13。

慢性肾脏病患者宣扬口蹄疫受损14-16 学士学位 ,并增加主动脉脉搏波速度APWV 13,17,18,甚至需要透析前。重要的是从临床的角度来看,两者的血管功能障碍这些非侵入性的措施是未来心血管事件和死亡率无论是在CKD患者19-21,以及在其他人群中22-26的独立预测因素。这些技术可用于研究各种人群心血管疾病的风险,包括慢性肾脏病患者。

其中CKD中动脉功能不全发展的确切机制尚未完全了解;然而,一氧化氮减少(NO)的生物利用度是一个关键贡献者27-30和两个EDD受损的共同机制和动脉僵硬度增加10,31。在CKD中,氧化应激增加,并有助于在NO生物利用度的32-34的减少。氧化应激被定义为活性氧(ROS)的相对于抗氧化防御系统过度的生物利用度。生理刺激,INC泸定炎症信号,促进氧化酶系统产生活性氧,包括超氧阴离子(O 2● – )( 例如 ,氧化剂酶NADPH氧化酶)35。超氧化物产生最终导致降低一氧化氮(NO)的生物利用度。

减值NO生物利用度可能反过来导致慢性肾脏病的发展,血管内皮功能障碍是事件的CKD 36的独立预测因素。这与动物实验数据表明eNOS的抑制引起的高血压(全身和肾小球)一致,肾小球缺血,肾小球硬化和肾小管-间质损伤37。事实上,为减少实验肾脏疾病,模仿人类疾病的发生和发展,显然有必要NO的生物利用度,提示内皮功能障碍的人CKD 38,39了关键作用。

血管氧化应激的标志物可以在v中进行评估血管性从人类研究对象收集内皮细胞,采用最初由科伦坡 40开发和改性密封件 41-43的技术。使用2个无菌的J-丝,细胞是从肘前静脉收集,回收,固定和购买积极鉴定为内皮细胞和使用免疫目的蛋白质的表达进行分析。

我们在此提供这样的方法,可以用来向)测量FMD BA的讨论;二)测量aPWV; C)测量氧化应激标志物的血管内皮细胞蛋白的表达。重点是慢性肾脏病患者,而不是需要长期透析治疗。

Protocol

此协议遵循科罗拉多多机构审查委员会(COMIRB)的指导方针。 1,用于测试会议筹备工作参与者应遵循这些限制的最精确的测量:12小时快速从食物和咖啡因,从运动,吸烟12小时克制,12小时克制(如适用),> 4的半衰期从药物克制如果可能的话(可能是不可行的人群如慢性肾病患者)和绝经前妇女应在1-7天的月经周期,以尽量减少激素的影响进行测试。 <…

Representative Results

口蹄疫BA被量化为以下反应性充血的最大变化在肱动脉的直径。因此,在其余的直径相比,直径的5分钟,血压袖带闭塞期间( 图1)的端部以下。图A显示肱动脉的代表超声图像,和图B显示在直径以下的R波门控变化从袖口释放到2分钟的图形,如用市售软件获得。由于变化往往相当少(在图1中的变化是4.8%),在测量小的差异对结果的影响较大。使用市售的自动边…

Discussion

获得准确的结果口蹄疫BA和aPWV需要获得高质量的超声图像和压力波形,分别。中央的,这是由操作员44适当并继续训练每种技术和使用。此外,重要的是,以控制可能通过标准化测试会话( 例如 ,前12小时快,气候受控的房间 )44,45影响结果的尽可能多的外部变量。如上所述,使用商用的R波门控采集软件和边缘检测软件,强烈建议,以尽量减少在测量4…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者感谢尼娜Bispham她的技术援助。这项工作是由美国心脏协会(12POST11920023)和美国国立卫生研究院(K23DK088833,K23DK087859)的支持。

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
J-wire St. Jude 404584 2 per collection
Disposable shorts (MediShorts) Quick Medical  4507
Non-invasive hemodynamic workstation (NIHem) Cardiovascualr Engineering N/A Includes custom ruler.  An alternate system is the Sphygmocor
Ultrasound G.E. Model: Vivid7 Dimension We use a G.E., but there are many companies and models
Vascular software (Vascular Imager)  Medical Imaging Applications N/A
R-wave trigger box Medical Imaging Applications N/A custom made
Rapid Cuff Inflation System Hokanson Model: Hokanson E20
Forearm blood pressure cuff Hokanson N/A custom cuff with 6.5 x 34 cm bladder 
HUVECs Invitrogren  C-015-5C
Donkey serum Jackson  017-000-121
Pap pen Research Products International 195505
VE Cadherin Abcam ab33168
AF568 Life Technologies A11011 depends on specifications of microscpe 
AF488 Life Technologies A11034 depends on specifications of microscpe 
Nitrotyrosine antibody  Abcam ab7048
NADPH oxidase antibody Upstate 07-001
DAPI  Vector H-1200
Delicate task wipe (Kimwipe)  Fisher Scientific 06-666-A 
Plastic paraffin film (parafilm)  Fisher Scientific 13-374-10
Confocal microscope  Olympus  Model: FV1000 FCS/RICS many options exist 

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Cite This Article
Jablonski, K. L., Decker, E., Perrenoud, L., Kendrick, J., Chonchol, M., Seals, D. R., Jalal, D. Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (88), e51478, doi:10.3791/51478 (2014).

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