Imaging- und Durchflusszytometrie-basierte Analyse von Zellposition und den Zellzyklus in 3D Melanoma Spheroids
Summary
We describe two complementary methods using the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) and image analysis or flow cytometry to identify and isolate cells in the inner G1 arrested and outer proliferating regions of 3D spheroids.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids are utilized in cancer research as a more accurate model of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. The spheroid model is able to mimic the effects of cell-cell interaction, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, and drug penetration. One characteristic of this model is the development of a necrotic core, surrounded by a ring of G1 arrested cells, with proliferating cells on the outer layers of the spheroid. Of interest in the cancer field is how different regions of the spheroid respond to drug therapies as well as genetic or environmental manipulation. We describe here the use of the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system along with cytometry and image analysis using commercial software to characterize the cell cycle status of cells with respect to their position inside melanoma spheroids. These methods may be used to track changes in cell cycle status, gene/protein expression or cell viability in different sub-regions of tumor spheroids over time and under different conditions.
Introduction
Mehrzelligen Sphäroiden 3D haben als Tumor-Modell seit Jahrzehnten bekannt, aber es ist erst vor kurzem, dass sie in häufiger Verwendung als in vitro-Modell für viele soliden Tumoren kommen. Sie werden zunehmend in Hochdurchsatz-Wirkstoffsuche Bildschirme als Vermittler zwischen komplex, teuer und zeitaufwendig in vivo-Modelle und die einfache, kostengünstige 2D-Einzelschicht-Modell 1-6 verwendet. Studies in 2D Kultur sind oft nicht in der Lage, um in vivo repliziert werden. Spheroid Modelle von vielen Arten von Krebs in der Lage, die Wachstumseigenschaften, Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Medikamenten, Drogen-Penetration, Zell-Zell-Interaktionen, eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Sauerstoff und Nährstoffen und die Entwicklung der Nekrose, die in vivo in soliden Tumoren 6-11 zu sehen ist zu imitieren. Sphäroide Entwicklung einer nekrotischen Kern, eine ruhende oder G1 verhaftet Umgebung des Kerns und proliferierenden Zellen in der Peripherie des Sphäroids 7. Die Entwicklung dieser Regionenkann abhängig von der Zelldichte, der Proliferationsrate und der Größe des Sphäroids 12 variieren. Es wurde vermutet, dass die zelluläre Heterogenität in diesen verschiedenen Teilbereiche ersichtlich kann in der Krebstherapie Widerstand 13,14 beizutragen. Deshalb separat ist die Fähigkeit, Zellen in diesen Bereichen zu analysieren entscheidend für das Verständnis Tumorarzneimittelreaktionen.
Und Grün (Azami Green – AG) Fluoreszenzmarkierung von Cdt1 und Geminin, die in verschiedenen Phasen des Zellzyklus 15 abgebaut werden – die Fluoreszenz Ubiquitinierung Zellzyklus-Anzeigesystem (Fucci) auf dem roten (KO Kusabira orange) basiert. So Zellkerne erscheinen rot in G1, gelb in der frühen S und S / G2 / M Phase grün. Wir beschreiben hier zwei sich ergänzende Methoden sowohl mit Fucci den Zellzyklus zu identifizieren, zusammen mit der Verwendung von Bildbearbeitungssoftware oder ein Farbstoffdiffusions Durchflusscytometrieassay um zu bestimmen, ob die Zellen befinden sich in der G1 verhaftet Mitte oder den äußeren proliferating Rings und der Abstand der einzelnen Zellen von der Kante des Sphäroids. Diese Verfahren wurden in unserer früheren Veröffentlichung, wo wir gezeigt, dass Melanomzellen in hypoxischen Regionen in der Mitte des Sphäroids entwickelt und / oder in Gegenwart von zielgerichtete Therapien sind in der Lage, in die G1-Arretierung für längere Zeit zu bleiben, und kann RE- geben Sie den Zellzyklus, wenn günstigere Bedingungen entstehen 7.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Halbautomatische Bildanalyse identifizierte die Sphäroid Innen G1 festgenommen Region und wuchernden äußeren Schichten. Dieses Verfahren kann auf Live-Sphäroiden mit einem optischen Abschnitt verwendet werden, oder in festen Sphäroid Abschnitte, auf Veränderungen nicht nur des Zellzyklus, sondern Markerexpression (über Immunfluoreszenz), Zelltod oder Zellmorphologie in diesen verschiedenen Regionen zu identifizieren. Zellbeweglichkeit in verschiedenen Regionen Sphäroid kann auch quantifiziert werden -, wenn Live…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank Ms. Danae Sharp and Ms. Sheena Daignault for technical assistance. We thank Dr. Atsushi Miyawaki, RIKEN, Wako-city, Japan, for providing the FUCCI constructs, Dr. Meenhard Herlyn and Ms. Patricia Brafford, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, for providing cell lines, the Imaging and Flow Cytometry Facility at the Centenary Institute for outstanding technical support. We thank Mr. Chris Johnson and Dr. Andrew Barlow for Volocity software technical support. N.K.H. is a Cameron fellow of the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute, Australia. K.A.B. is a fellow of the Cancer Institute New South Wales (13/ECF/1-39). W.W. is a fellow of the Cancer Institute New South Wales (11/CDF/3-39). This work was supported by project grants RG 09-08 and RG 13-06 (Cancer Council New South Wales), 570778 and 1051996 (Priority-driven collaborative cancer research scheme/Cancer Australia/Cure Cancer Australia Foundation), 08/RFG/1-27 (Cancer Institute New South Wales), and APP1003637 and APP1084893 (National Health and Medical Research Council).
Materials
| Hoechst 33342 | Life Technologies | H3570 | |
| agarose low melting point | Life Technologies | 16520-050 | For sectioning |
| noble agar | Sigma | A5431 | For making spheroids |
| agarose for spheroids | Fisher Scientific | BP1356-100 | For making spheroids |
| 0.05% trypsin/EDTA | Life Technologies | 25300-054 | |
| HBSS | Life Technologies | 14175-103 | |
| 10% formalin | Sigma | HT5014-1CS | CAUTION: Harmful, corrosive. Use Personal Protective Equipment, do not breath fumes (open in a fume cupboard). |
| live/dead near IR | Life Technologies | L10119 | |
| vibratome | Technical Products International, Inc | ||
| coulture cup | Thermo-Fisher Scientific | SIE936 | Mold for sectioning spheroids |
| hemocytometer | Sigma | Z359629 | |
| 96-well tissue culture plate | Invitro | FAL353072 | |
| collagenase | Sigma | C5138 | |
| confocal microscope | Leica | TCS SP5 | |
| Flow cytometer analyser | Becton Dickinson | LSRFortessa | |
| volocity | PerkinElmer | Imaging software | |
| flowjo | Tree Star | Flow cytometry software | |
| Vaccuum grease | Sigma | Z273554 | |
| Mounting media | Vector Laboratories | H1000 | |
| FUCCI (commercial constructs) | Life Technologies | P36238 | Transient transfection only |
| Cell strainer 70 um | In Vitro | FAL352350 | |
| Round bottom 5 mL tubes (sterile) | In Vitro | FAL352003 | |
| Round bottom 5 mL tubes (non-sterile) | In Vitro | FAL352008 |
References
- LaBarbera, D. V., Reid, B. G., Yoo, B. H. The multicellular tumor spheroid model for high-throughput cancer drug discovery. Expert opinion on drug discovery. 7, 819-830 (2012).
- Beaumont, K. A., Mohana-Kumaran, N., Haass, N. K. Modeling Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Healthcare. 2, 27-46 (2014).
- Smalley, K. S., Lioni, M., Noma, K., Haass, N. K., Herlyn, M. In vitro three-dimensional tumor microenvironment models for anticancer drug discovery. Expert opinion on drug discovery. 3, 1-10 (2008).
- Reid, B. G., et al. Live multicellular tumor spheroid models for high-content imaging and screening in cancer drug discovery. Current chemical genomics and translational medicine. 8, 27-35 (2014).
- Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. P., Hofstaedter, F., Ebner, R. The use of 3-D cultures for high-throughput screening: the multicellular spheroid model. Journal of biomolecular screening. 9, 273-285 (2004).
- Hirschhaeuser, F., et al. Multicellular tumor spheroids: an underestimated tool is catching up again. Journal of biotechnology. 148, 3-15 (2010).
- Haass, N. K., et al. Real-time cell cycle imaging during melanoma growth, invasion, and drug response. Pigment cell & melanoma research. 27, 764-776 (2014).
- Lucas, K. M., et al. Modulation of NOXA and MCL-1 as a strategy for sensitizing melanoma cells to the BH3-mimetic ABT-737. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 18, 783-795 (2012).
- Smalley, K. S., et al. Multiple signaling pathways must be targeted to overcome drug resistance in cell lines derived from melanoma metastases. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 5, 1136-1144 (2006).
- Thoma, C. R., Zimmermann, M., Agarkova, I., Kelm, J. M., Krek, W. 3D cell culture systems modeling tumor growth determinants in cancer target discovery. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 69-70, 29-41 (2014).
- Santini, M. T., Rainaldi, G. Three-dimensional spheroid model in tumor biology. Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology. 67, 148-157 (1999).
- Sutherland, R. M. Cell and environment interactions in tumor microregions: the multicell spheroid model. Science. 240, 177-184 (1988).
- Haass, N. K. Dynamic tumour heterogeneity in melanoma therapy: how do we address this in a novel model system?. Melanoma Manag. 2, 93-95 (2015).
- Desoize, B., Jardillier, J. Multicellular resistance: a paradigm for clinical resistance. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 36, 193-207 (2000).
- Sakaue-Sawano, A., et al. Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell-cycle progression. Cell. 132, 487-498 (2008).
- Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. Purification of specific cell population by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2010).
- Smalley, K. S., et al. Up-regulated expression of zonula occludens protein-1 in human melanoma associates with N-cadherin and contributes to invasion and adhesion. The American journal of pathology. 166, 1541-1554 (2005).
- Wang, Q., et al. Targeting glutamine transport to suppress melanoma cell growth. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer. 135, 1060-1071 (2014).
- Lorenzo, C., et al. Live cell division dynamics monitoring in 3D large spheroid tumor models using light sheet microscopy. Cell division. 6, 22 (2011).
- Pampaloni, F., Ansari, N., Stelzer, E. H. High-resolution deep imaging of live cellular spheroids with light-sheet-based fluorescence microscopy. Cell and tissue research. 352, 161-177 (2013).
- Durand, R. E. Use of Hoechst 33342 for cell selection from multicell systems. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 30, 117-122 (1982).
- Laurent, J., et al. Multicellular tumor spheroid models to explore cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. BMC cancer. 13, 73 (2013).
- LaRue, K. E., Khalil, M., Freyer, J. P. Microenvironmental regulation of proliferation in multicellular spheroids is mediated through differential expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Cancer research. 64, 1621-1631 (2004).
- Kyle, A. H., Huxham, L. A., Baker, J. H., Burston, H. E., Minchinton, A. I. Tumor distribution of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells is strongly dose dependent. Cancer research. 63, 5707-5711 (2003).
- Minchinton, A. I., Tannock, I. F. Drug penetration in solid tumours. Nature reviews. Cancer. 6, 583-592 (2006).
- Giesbrecht, J. L., Wilson, W. R., Hill, R. P. Radiobiological studies of cells in multicellular spheroids using a sequential trypsinization technique. Radiation research. 86, 368-386 (1981).
