小型化聚糖微阵列测定评定A型流感病毒血凝素的亲和力和特异性
Summary
Using a printed glycan microarray strategy, a conventional 96-well plate assay was miniaturized for analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin avidity and specificity for sialic acid containing receptors.
Abstract
A型流感病毒（IAV）血细胞凝集素识别在细胞表面上的唾液酸作为功能性受体来获得进入细胞。野生水禽是IAV的自然宿主，但是可以IAV跨越物种屏障家禽，猪，马和人。禽流感病毒识别由α2-3键（禽型受体）附连到倒数第二个半乳糖，而人类病毒优先识别唾液酸与α2-6键（人型受体）唾液酸。并监控如果禽流感病毒正在适应人型受体，可使用几种方法。用合成唾液酸糖苷的多样库聚糖微阵列越来越多地用于评估受体特异性。然而，这种技术不用于测量亲合力。亲合力的测量一般是通过评估系列稀释血凝素或病毒的结合以吸附到常规聚丙烯96孔板聚糖实现。在该测定中，聚糖与α2-3或α2-6唾液酸连接到生物素并吸附到链霉板，或连接到聚丙烯酰胺（PAA），其直接吸附到塑料。我们通过直接印刷的PAA联唾液酸糖苷及其非PAA联的对应于微井载玻片已显著小型化该测定。这种设置，与在单个幻灯片48阵列，使得能够6聚糖8稀释结合蛋白，询问6个不同的聚糖，包括两个非唾液酸化的控制的同时测定。这相当于在传统的平板测定18倍的96孔板。该聚糖阵列格式降低化合物和生物制品的消费，从而大大提高了工作效率。
Introduction
野生水禽是IAV的自然宿主，但是IAV能够跨越物种屏障，禽类和哺乳动物，包括人类。禽流IAVs认识α2-3连接的唾液酸（禽型受体），而人类病毒结合α2-6连接的唾液酸（人型受体）。为了能够有效复制和人类禽类IAV需要绑定到人型受体1之间传递。
IAVs是基于血清学表征其血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）包膜糖蛋白的抗原性划分。 HA结合到唾液酸，而NA是在病毒的生命周期并切割唾液酸2的另一端的受体破坏酶。所有的人感染病毒，包括H1N1，H2N2和H3N2，有禽源3。在过去的二十年中几个禽类到人类交叉的发生，用H5N1，H7N7，和H7N9是最公知的;豪版本，其他亚型传染人类更零星（H6N1，H7N1，H7N2，H9N2，H10N7，H10N8）4。幸运的是，似乎没有这些病毒已经能够完全适应人型α2-6连接的唾液酸受体5-8。禽流感或其他人畜共患的病毒适应，以适应人类宿主复制和传播可能对人体健康产生破坏性的影响。因此，这些病毒是如何发展结合人型受体将有助于新兴流感病毒全球范围内监视的先验知识。
受体偏好的测定采用不同物种的红细胞首次阐明并保持流感研究者9-12之间的青睐检测。即禽流感病毒识别α2-3唾液酸α2-6连接的唾液酸人类病毒的示威最初是基于使用酶设计包含每个李红细胞血凝化验nkages 13,14。虽然读出是血细胞凝集，一个标准测定为病毒学家，底层聚糖结构没有定义，只有终端联系。此外，唾液酸转移酶，用于重新sialylate细胞的有限的可用性，已经限制了使用该测定15-18中。接着，使用连接于聚丙烯酰胺（PAA）或聚谷氨酸（PGA）的结构在基于板的测定法19,20唾液酸化聚糖结构中引入确定受体结合偏好的其他方法。几种变化是在涂覆或聚糖或病毒微量滴定板，其中每一个导致一个健壮的，可靠的和非常敏感的ELISA型测定21-23可能。可替代地，生物素连接的聚糖可以取代的PAA / PGA和可以缀合到链霉抗涂层板2,24。虽然可能需要一些特定的血清，酶联免疫吸附都与PAA标准和几个聚糖容易commercially和非商用（财团为功能糖组学（http://www.functionalglycomics.org））。
聚糖微阵列技术已成为一个宝贵的工具，以确定受体特异性，为多个不同的聚糖发现，并结合到多种不同结构可以在单一实验中25-29评估。 IAV的这些结构的结合提供了更好的理解，即IAV优先识别30-33的聚糖结构。聚糖微阵列需要少量的样本量来进行结合分析，只有使用每点（2 NL）聚糖微量。然而，这些阵列通常仅用于评估聚糖受体特异性。的多种病毒，或血凝素蛋白，在多个浓度范围分析可以望而却步由于所需的幻灯片的数量。此外，迄今为止，没有相对亲合力测定已使用聚糖芳开发射线技术。
结合由聚糖微阵列技术和基于ELISA的测定法的PAA联聚糖的灵敏度，得到低样品要求，我们试图开发一个多井聚糖阵列将允许对具有相似或更好的分辨率高通量分析相比传统的基于ELISA的测定法。同时，我们希望最小化消耗的生物制品和报道的化学品的量。最终的结果是一个小型化的亲合力测定中，专门用于监测IAV特异性开发的，同样适用于评估其他聚糖结合蛋白。使用由聚四氟乙烯面具分为48微孔载玻片，6种不同的聚糖看准每孔6个重复。该芯片平台能提供受体趋势相同绑定看到在宏观ELISA格式几个优点。这些包括（I）中6次重复化合物的印刷，使用最少的样品，与若干行的涂布我呐板，使用每孔100μl; （二）多种不同的化合物在单井，包括控制同时进行分析; （Ⅲ）在培养体积和大规模减少; （IV）使用荧光读出一个较大的动态范围。单个幻灯片可以被计算为等于18倍的96孔板。
用下面的协议，任何实验室能够制造和分析的斑点的微阵列应该能够制造这种小型化的ELISA形式。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
评估IAV的受体特异性在分析禽流感病毒大流行潜力的重要一步。由病毒唾液酸识别被链接到几个生物性能如从细胞结合和释放。其中知识氨基酸的突变是必要的禽流感病毒实现α2-6结合和跨越物种屏障使大流行的准备。数测定法用于确定受体特异性;但是，所有有其缺点，包括尺寸仅为亲和力，而不是特异性， 反之亦然 。
这里，我们描述基于广泛使用和接受的ELISA，一?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作由斯克里普斯芯片核心设施，并从疾病控制中心（JCP）合同的一部分得到了支持。 RPdV是来自荷兰科学研究组织（NWO）一个人Rubicon和VENI授权的收件人。由NIGMS授予GM62116（JCP）资助的财团为功能糖组学（http://www.functionalglycomics.org/）提供在这项研究中使用的几个聚糖。这是来自斯克里普斯研究所的出版物29113。
Materials
| NEXTERION® Slide H MPX-48 | Schott | 1091525 | Microwell slides |
| ProScanArray Plus | PerkinElmer | discontinued | confocal microarray scanner |
| Innoscan 1100AL Scanner/Mapix Software | Innopsys | – | confocal microarray scanner |
| MicroGrid II | Digilab | – | microaray printer |
| SNA | Vector Labs | B-1305 | Plant Lectin |
| ECA | Vector Labs | B-1145 | Plant Lectin |
| Anti-Strep Antibody | IBA | 2-1509-001 | Anitbody for HA binding |
| Anti-Mouse Alexa-647 | Life | A-21235 | Anitbody for HA binding |
| Tween-20 | Sigma | P2287 | detergent |
| di-basic Sodium Phosphate | Sigma | 255793 | printing buffer component |
| mono-basic Sodium phosphate | Sigma | 229903 | printing buffer component |
| poly-l-lysine solution | Sigma | P8920 | pre-spotting slide component |
| sodium hydroxide | Sigma | 221465 | pre-spotting slide component |
| ethanol | Sigma | 493546 | pre-spotting slide component |
| phosphate buffered saline | Corning | 46-013-CM | incubation/washing buffer |
| SMP4B pins | Telechem | SMP4B | printing pin |
| Compressed Nitrogen (Grade5) | Praxair | UN1066 | general dusting/drying tool |
| Boric Acid | Sigma | B6768-500G | Slide blocking reagent |
| ethanolamine | Sigma | E9508-500ML | Slide blocking reagent |
| Atto 488 | AttoTec | AD 488-91 | Gridmarker on array |
| PAA-LNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | PA368 | Spotted glycans |
| PAA-3SLNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | PA362 | Spotted glycans |
| PAA-6SLNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | PA343 | Spotted glycans |
| LNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | Te98 | Spotted glycans |
| 3SLNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | Te175 | Spotted glycans |
| 6SLNLN | Consortium for Functional Glycomics | Te176 | Spotted glycans |
| 384-well microtiter plate | Matrix TechCorp | 4361 | Printing plate |
| VWR lab marker | VWR | 52877-150 | Slide Numbering |
| Wheaton slide staining dish | Sigma | Z103969-1EA | Blocking and Drying |
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