JoVE Journal > Biology
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
자동 번역
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생물학

Kinematische Analyse der Zellteilung und Expansion: Die Quantifizierung der zellulären Grundlagen der Wachstums- und Sampling Entwicklungszonen in<em> Zea Mays</em> Blätter

Published: December 02, 2016
doi:
10.3791/54887
, ,
1Department of Biology,University of Antwerp

Summary

Quantifying cell division and expansion is of crucial importance to the understanding of whole-plant growth. Here, we present a protocol to calculate cellular parameters determining maize leaf growth rates and highlight the use of these data for investigating molecular growth regulatory mechanisms by directing developmental stage-specific sampling strategies.

Abstract

Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.

Introduction

Wachstumsanalyse hängt von einer Reihe von Werkzeugen, die von Pflanzenwissenschaftler häufig verwendet werden, Genotyp bestimmt Wachstumsunterschiede und / oder phänotypische Reaktionen auf Umweltfaktoren zu beschreiben. Dazu gehören Größe und Gewichtsmessungen der gesamten Anlage oder ein Organ und Berechnungen der Wachstumsraten, die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen des Wachstums zu erkunden. Organwachstum wird durch Zellteilung und Expansion auf der zellulären Ebene bestimmt. Daher analysiert die Quantifizierung dieser beiden Prozesse in Wachstum einschließlich ist der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Unterschiede in Vollorganwachstum 1. Folglich ist es wichtig, eine geeignete Methodik haben zellulären Wachstumsparameter zu bestimmen, der relativ leicht von nicht spezialisierten Labors zu verwenden.

Kinematic Analyse wurde bereits als Ansatz etabliert 2 einen leistungsstarken Rahmen für die Entwicklung von Organwachstumsmodelle bieten. Die Technik wurde für lineare Systeme optimiert,wie Arabidopsis thaliana Wurzeln und monokotyle Blätter, sondern auch für nichtlineare Systeme, wie dikotyle Blätter 3. Heute wird diese Methode immer mehr, wie genetische Studie verwendet wird, hormonelle, entwicklungs und Umweltfaktoren beeinflussen die Zellteilung und die Expansion in verschiedenen Organen (Tabelle 1). Darüber hinaus bietet sie auch einen Rahmen zelluläre Prozesse auf die ihnen zugrunde liegenden biochemischen, molekularen und physiologischen Bestimmungen (Tabelle 2) zu verbinden, obwohl Einschränkungen können durch Organgröße und räumliche Organisation für Techniken , die höhere Mengen an Pflanzenmaterial erfordern auferlegt werden (zB Metaboliten Messungen, Proteomics, etc.).

Monokotylen Blätter, wie beispielsweise Mais (Zea mays) Blatt-, für lineare Systeme , in denen Zellen von der Basis des Blattes gegen die Spitze zu bewegen, der Reihe nach durch die Meristem und Dehnungszone Leiten des reifen zu erreichenZone. Dies macht es zu einem idealen Modellsystem für quantitative Untersuchungen der räumlichen Muster des Wachstums 4. Darüber hinaus haben Maisblätter große Wachstumszonen (Meristem und Dehnungszone über mehrere Zentimeter 5) und in anderen Organisationsebenen Möglichkeiten für Studien. Dies ermöglicht die Untersuchung der (vermeintlichen) Regulationsmechanismen der Zellteilung steuern und Expansion, durch kinematische Analyse durch eine Reihe von molekularen Techniken quantifiziert, physiologische Messungen und Zellbiologie Ansätze (Tabelle 2).

Hier stellen wir ein Protokoll für eine kinematische Analyse in monokotylen Blätter durchführt. Zuerst wird erklärt, wie eine richtige Analyse der sowohl die Zellteilung und Zell Dehnung als Funktion der Position längs der Blattachse zu leiten und wie kinematischen Parameter zu berechnen. Zweitens zeigen wir auch, wie diese als Grundlage für die Stichprobenplan verwendet werden können. Hier diskutieren wir zwei Fälle: hochauflösende Abtastung eind konzentriert Probenahme, verbesserte Dateninterpretation und die Einsparung von Zeit / Geld ermöglicht, respectively.

Tabelle 1 Übersicht der kinematischen Analysen Methoden zur Quantifizierung der Zellteilung und Expansion in verschiedenen Organen.

Organ Referenz
monokotylen Blätter 16, 20, 21, 22
Wurzelspitzen 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
dikotylen Blätter 21, 30, 31
Sprossapikalmeristem 32

Tabelle 1 Übersicht der kinematischen Analysen Methoden zur Quantifizierung der Zellteilung und Expansion in verschiedenen Organen.

<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page = "1"> Figur 3

Tabelle 2 Zusammenhang zwischen zellulärer Prozesse quantifiziert durch die kinematische Analyse auf ihre Regulation auf molekularer Ebene. Verweise auf verschiedene Studien , die die Quantifizierung von zellulären Prozessen zu den Ergebnissen von biochemischen und molekularen Assays in verschiedenen Spezies und Organen. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET), Malondialdehyd (MDA), Cyclin-abhängigen Kinasen (CDK). Bitte hier klicken , um eine größere Version dieser Tabelle anzuzeigen.

Protocol

HINWEIS: Das folgende Protokoll für kinematische Analyse gilt nur für Blätter im stationären Zustand Wachstum. Dies impliziert eine stabile Blattdehnungsrate und räumlichen Muster der Zellenlänge und Expansion in einem Blatt während eines Zeitraums von mehreren Tagen 6. 1. Pflanzenwachstum und die Messungen der Blattdehnungsrate (LER) Wählen Sie ein Blatt im Steady-State-Wachstum und eine Entwicklungsphase von Interesse. HINWEIS: Es gibt einen Un…

Representative Results

Hier zeigen wir einen Vergleich zwischen gut bewässerten Pflanzen (Kontrolle, 54% Wassergehalt des Bodens, (SWC)) und Pflanzen ausgesetzt Dürre Stressbedingungen (Dürre, 34% SWC) in Bezug auf ihre Blattwachstum. Alle Pflanzen wurden in einer Wachstumskammer unter kontrollierten Bedingungen (16 Stunden Tag / 8 h Nacht, 25 ° C / 18 ° C Tag / Nacht, 300-400 & mgr; Em gewachsen -2 s -1 photosynthetisch aktive Strahlung (PAR). Die Trockenheit bis die richtige SW…

Discussion

Eine vollständige kinematische Analyse auf Maisblättern ermöglicht die Bestimmung der zellulären Basis des Blattwachstums und ermöglicht die Gestaltung effizienter Probenahmestrategien. Obwohl das Protokoll relativ einfach ist, ist eine gewisse Vorsicht in den folgenden kritischen Schritte empfohlen: (1) Es ist wichtig, die jüngeren, geschlossenen Blätter zu lösen (2.3 Schritt), ohne die meristem zu beschädigen, da meristem Längenbestimmung (Schritt 3) erfordert die vollständige meristem vorhanden sein. Einig…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Diese Arbeit wurde durch ein Promotionsstipendium an der Universität von Antwerpen nach VA unterstützt; ein Promotionsstipendium der flämischen Science Foundation (FWO, 11ZI916N) zu KS; Projektzuschüsse von der FWO (G0D0514N); eine konzertierte Forschungstätigkeit (GOA) Forschungsstipendium: "Ein systembiologischer Ansatz der Blatt Morphogenese" von der Forschungsgemeinschaft der Universität Antwerpen; und das Interuniversitäre Anziehungsschwerpunkte (IUAP VII / 29, MARS), "Mais und Arabidopsis Wurzel und Sprosswachstum" von der Föderale Wissenschaftspolitik (BELSPO) zu GTSB Han Asard, Bulelani L. Sizani und Hamada Abdelgawad alle zum Video beigetragen .

Materials

Pots Any Any We use pots with the following measueres, but can be different depending on the treatment/study : bottom diameter: 11cm, opening diameter: 15 cm, height: 12 cm. We grow one maize plant per pot.
Planting substrate Any Any We use potting medium (Jiffy, The Netherlands), but other substrates can be used, depending on treatment/study.
Ruler Any Any An extension ruler that covers at least 1,5 meters is needed to measure the final leaf length of the plants.
Seeds  Any NA Seeds can be ordered from a breeder.
Scalpel Any Any The scalpel is used during leaf harvesting to detach the leaf of interest from its surrounding leaves and right after harvesting to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
15 ml falcon tubes Any Any The 15 ml falcon tubes are used for storing samples used for cell length measurements during sample clearing with absolute ethanol and lactic acid.
Eppendorf tubes Any Any The eppendorf tubes are used for storing samples used for meristem length measurements in ethanol:acetic acid 3:1 (v:v) solution.
Gloves Any Any Latex gloves, which protect against corrosive reagents.
Acetic acid Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1; Flammable liquids, categories 1,2,3
Absolute ethanol Any Any CAUTION: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of ingestion
Lactic acid >98% Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1
Sodium chloride (NaCl) Any Any
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Any Any CAUTION: Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4 Skin irritation, category 2 Eye irritation, category 2 Skin sensitisation, category 1 Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure, category 3
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) Any Any This material can be an irritant, contact with eyes and skin should be avoided. Inhalation of dust may be irritating to the respiratory tract.
4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) Any Any Cell permeable fluorescent minor groove-binding probe for DNA. Causes skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. May cause respiratory irritation.
Ice Any NA The DAPI solution has to be kept on ice.
Fluorescent microscope AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any fluorescent microscope can be used for determining meristem length.
Microscopic slide Any Any
Cover glass Any Any
Tweezers Any Any Tweezers are needed for unfolding the rolled maize leaf right after harvesting in order to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
Image-analysis software Axiovision (Release 4.8) from Zeiss NA The software can be downloaded at: http://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en_de/downloads/axiovision.html. Other softwares such as ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) could be used as well.
Microscope equipped with DIC AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any  microscope, equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) can be used to measure cell lengths.
R statistical analysis software R Foundation for Statistical Computing NA Open source; Could be downloaded at https://www.r-project.org/
R script NA NA We use the kernel smoothing function locpoly of the Kern Smooth package (Wand MP, Jones MC.  Kernel Smoothing: Chapman & Hall/CRC (1995)). The script is available for Mac and Windows upon inquire with the corresponding author. We have versions for Mac and Windows.
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Tags

Keywords: Cell DivisionCell ExpansionLeaf GrowthKinematic AnalysisDevelopmental ZonesZea MaysMonocotsGrowth RegulationSamplingVisual Demonstration
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Sprangers, K., Avramova, V., Beemster, G. T. S. Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves. J. Vis. Exp. (118), e54887, doi:10.3791/54887 (2016).
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