Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Summary

We show how to encode the complex field of laser beams by using a single phase element. A common-path interferometer is employed to mix the phase information displayed into a phase-only spatial light modulator to finally retrieve the desired complex field pattern at the output of an optical imaging system.

Abstract

The aim of this article is to visually demonstrate the utilization of an interferometric method for encoding complex fields associated with coherent laser radiation. The method is based on the coherent sum of two uniform waves, previously encoded into a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) by spatial multiplexing of their phases. Here, the interference process is carried out by spatial filtering of light frequencies at the Fourier plane of certain imaging system. The correct implementation of this method allows arbitrary phase and amplitude information to be retrieved at the output of the optical system.

It is an on-axis, rather than off-axis encoding technique, with a direct processing algorithm (not an iterative loop), and free from coherent noise (speckle). The complex field can be exactly retrieved at the output of the optical system, except for some loss of resolution due to the frequency filtering process. The main limitation of the method might come from the inability to operate at frequency rates higher than the refresh rate of the SLM. Applications include, but are not limited to, linear and non-linear microscopy, beam shaping, or laser micro-processing of material surfaces.

Introduction

Almost all laser applications are in close relation with the management of the optical wavefront of light. In the paraxial approximation, the complex field associated with the laser radiation can be described by two terms, the amplitude and the phase. Having control over these two terms is necessary to modify both the temporal and the spatial structure of laser beams at will. In general, the amplitude and the phase of a laser beam can be properly changed by several methods including the use of optical components that range from single bulk lenses, beam splitters and mirrors to most complex devices like deformable mirrors or spatial light modulators. Here, we show a method for encoding and reconstructing the complex field of coherent laser beams, which is based on dual-phase hologram theory¹, and the utilization of a common-path interferometer.

Nowadays, there exists a wide variety of methods to encode the complex fields of laser beams^2,3,4,5. In this context, some well-established methods to produce phase and amplitude modulation rely on the use of digital holograms⁶. A common point in all these methods is the necessity of generating a spatial offset to separate the desired output beam from the zeroth-order coming from the reflection of light at the SLM display. These methods are basically off-axis (usually applying for the first diffraction order of the grating), employing phase grating not only to encode the phase, but also to introduce necessary amplitude modulation. In particular, amplitude modulation is performed by spatially lowering the grating height, which clearly degrades the diffraction efficiency. The hologram reconstruction process mostly gets an approximate, but not exact, reconstruction of the amplitude and phase of the desired complex field. Discrepancies between theory and experiment seem to appear from an inaccurate encoding of the amplitude information as well as other experimental issues happening during the spatial filtering of the first diffraction order or due to SLM pixilation effects. In addition, the intensity profile of the input beam can introduce restrictions on the output power.

In contrast, with the introduced method⁷, all light management is carried out on-axis, which is very convenient from an experimental point of view. Additionally, it takes advantage of considering, in the paraxial approximation, the complex field associated with laser beams as a sum of two uniform waves. The amplitude information is synthetized by the interference of these uniform waves. In practice, such interference is carried out by spatial filtering of light frequencies at the Fourier plane of a given imaging system. Previously, the phase patterns associated with the uniform waves are spatially multiplexed and encoded into a phase-only SLM (placed at the entrance plane of this imaging system). Hence, the whole optical setup can be regarded as a common-path interferometer (very robust against mechanical vibrations, temperature changes, or optical misalignments). Please, note that the abovementioned interference process can be alternatively accomplished by using other optical layouts: with a couple of phase-only SLMs properly placed within a typical two-arm interferometer, or by time sequentially encoding the two phase patterns into the SLM (previous introduction of a reference mirror in the optical setup). In both cases, there is no necessity of spatial filtering, and consequently no loss of spatial resolution, at the expense of increasing the complexity of the optical system, as well as the alignment process. Here, it should be also emphasized that by using this encoding method, the full spectrum of the desired complex field can be exactly retrieved at the Fourier plane, after filtering all diffraction orders but the zeroth one.

On the other hand, the efficiency of the method depends on several factors: the manufacturer's specifications of the SLM (e.g., fill factor, reflectivity, or diffraction efficiency), the size of the encoded pattern, and the way at which the light impinges onto the SLM (reflection with a small hitting angle, or normal incidence by using a beam splitter). At this point, under proper experimental conditions, the measured total light efficiency can be more than 30%. However, note that that the total light efficiency just due to the use of the SLM can be less than 50%. The lack of random or diffuser elements within the optical setup allows the retrieving of amplitude and phase patterns without coherent noise (speckle). Other significant aspects to point out are the utilization of a direct codification algorithm rather than iterative procedures and its ability to perform arbitrary and independent amplitude and phase modulation at the frequency refresh time of the SLM (up to hundreds of hertz according to the current technology).

In principle, the method⁷ is intended to be used with input plane waves, but it is not limited to that. For instance, if a Gaussian beam is hitting the SLM, it is possible to modify its irradiance shape at the output of the system by encoding a suited amplitude pattern into the SLM. However, as the intensity of the output beam cannot exceed that of the input beam at any transversal position (x,y), the shaping of the amplitude is performed by intensity losses originated by a partially destructive interference process.

The theory underlining the encoding method⁷ is as follows. Any complex field represented in the form U(x,y)= A(x,y)e^iφ(x,y) can be also rewritten as:

 (1)

where

 (2)

 (3)

In equations 1-3, the amplitude and phase of the two-dimensional complex field U(x,y)is given by A(x,y) and φ(x,y), respectively. Note that, terms A_max (maximum of A(x,y)) and B = A_max/2 do not depend on the transversal coordinates (x,y). From the theory, if we set A_max=2, then B =1. Hence, the complex field U(x,y) can be obtained, in a simple manner, from the coherent sum of uniform waves Be^iϑ(x,y) and Be^iθ(x,y). In practice, this is accomplished with a common-path interferometer made up of a single phase element α(x,y), placed at the input plane of an imaging system. The single phase element is constructed by spatial multiplexing of the phase terms ϑ(x,y)

and θ(x,y) with the help of two-dimensional binary gratings (checkerboard patterns) M₁(x,y) and M₂(x,y) as follows

 (4)

hence,

 (5)

These binary patterns fulfill the condition M₁(x,y) + M₂(x,y) = 1. Note that, the interference of uniform waves cannot happen if we do not mix the information contained in the phase elementα(x,y). In the present method, this is carried out by using a spatial filter able to block all diffraction orders but the zeroth one. In this way, after the filtering process at the Fourier plane, the spectrum H(u,v)= F{e^iα(x,y)} of the encoded phase function is related to the spectrum of the complex field F{U(x,y)} by the expression

 (6)

In Eq. (6), (u,v) denote coordinates in the frequency domain, P(u,v) holds for the spatial filter, whereas the Fourier transform of a given function Θ(x,y) is represented in the form F{Θ(x,y)}. From Eq. (6), it follows that, at the output plane of the imaging system, the retrieved complex field U_RET(x,y), (without considering constant factors), is given by the convolution of the magnified and spatially reversed complex field U(x,y) with the Fourier transform of the filter mask. That is:

 (7)

In Eq. (7), the convolution operation is denoted by the symbol , and the term Mag represents the magnification of the imaging system. Hence, the amplitude and phase of U(x,y) is fully retrieved at the output plane, except for some loss of spatial resolution due to the convolution operation.

Protocol

1. Encoding the Complex Field into a Single Phase Element From the technical specifications of the SLM, find its spatial resolution (for instance 1920 pixels x 1800 pixels). Define and generate the desired amplitude A(x,y) and phase φ(x,y) patterns as digital images. Set the spatial resolution of abovementioned digital images equal to that of the SLM display. Set abovementioned digital images in gray level format….

Representative Results

The spatial resolution of the employed phase-only SLM is 1920 pixels x 1080 pixels, with a pixel pitch of 8 µm. The selected amplitude A(x,y) and phase φ(x,y) of the complex field are defined by two different gray level images corresponding to the well-known Lenna’s picture (amplitude pattern) and a young girl sticking out her tongue (phase pattern), respectively. In general, for both, the generation of necessary patter…

Discussion

In this protocol, practical parameters as the pixel width of the phase-only SLM or the number of pixels contained within pixel cells of a computer-generated pattern are key points to successfully implement the encoding method. In steps 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 of the protocol, the shorter the pixel width, the better the spatial resolution of the retrieved amplitude and phase patterns. In addition, as the codification into the SLM of abrupt pixel-to-pixel phase modulations can originate unexpected phase responses (pixel crosstal…

Materials

Achromatic Doublet	THORLABS	AC254-100-B-ML	Lens Diameter 25.4 mm, focal length 100 mm
Achromatic Galilean Beam Expander	THORLABS	GBE05-A	AR Coated: 400 – 650 nm
Basler camera	BASLER	avA1600-50gm GigE camera	sensor size 8.8 mm x 6.6 mm, pizel size 5.5 microns
Mounted Zero-Aperture Iris	THORLABS	ID12Z/M	Max Aperture 12 mm
Pellicle Beamsplitter	THORLABS	CM1-BP145B2	45:55 (R:T), Coating: 700 – 900 nm
PLUTO Spatial Light Modulator	HOLOEYE Photonics AG	NIR-II	Phase Only Spatial Light Modulator (Optimized for 700 -1000 nm)
Two thin film laser polarizers	EKSMA OPTICS	420-0526M	material BK7, diameter 50 mm, wavelength 780-820 nm