Un modelo animal grande para la hipertensión pulmonar y la insuficiencia ventricular derecha: ligadura de la arteria pulmonar izquierda y bandas progresivas de la arteria pulmonar principal en ovejas
Summary
Este manuscrito describe la técnica quirúrgica y el enfoque experimental para desarrollar una sobrecarga severa de presión ventricular derecha para modelar sus fenotipos adaptativos y desadaptativos.
Abstract
La insuficiencia ventricular derecha (FVR) descompensada en la hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es fatal, con opciones de tratamiento médico limitadas. El desarrollo y la prueba de nuevas terapias para la HP requieren un modelo animal grande clínicamente relevante de aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar y la FVR. Este manuscrito discute el último desarrollo del modelo ovino PH-RVF previamente publicado que utiliza la ligadura de la arteria pulmonar izquierda (AP) y la oclusión principal de PA. Este modelo de PH-RVF es una plataforma versátil para controlar no solo la gravedad de la enfermedad, sino también la respuesta fenotípica del RV.
Las ovejas adultas (60-80 kg) se sometieron a ligadura de PA izquierda (LPA), colocación del manguito de PA principal e inserción de monitor de presión de RV. El manguito de PA y el monitor de presión RV se conectaron a puertos subcutáneos. Los sujetos se sometieron a bandas progresivas de AF dos veces por semana durante 9 semanas con medidas secuenciales de presión de RV, presiones del manguito de PA y gaso sanguíneo venoso mixto (SvO2). Al inicio y al punto final de este modelo, la función ventricular y las dimensiones se evaluaron mediante ecocardiografía. En un grupo representativo de 12 sujetos animales, la media de RV y la presión sistólica aumentaron de 28 ± 5 y 57 ± 7 mmHg en la semana 1, respectivamente, a 44 ± 7 y 93 ± 18 mmHg (desviación media ± estándar) en la semana 9. La ecocardiografía demostró hallazgos característicos de PH-RVF, notablemente dilatación de RV, aumento del grosor de la pared y inclinación septal. La tendencia longitudinal de la presión del manguito svO2 y PA demuestra que la tasa de bandas PA se puede ajustar para provocar fenotipos de RV variables. Una estrategia de anillamiento de PA más rápida condujo a una disminución precipitada en svO2 < 65%, lo que indica la descompensación de RV, mientras que una estrategia más lenta y de ritmo condujo al mantenimiento de SvO2 fisiológico en 70% -80%. Un animal que experimentó la estrategia acelerada desarrolló varios litros de derrame pleural y ascitis en la semana 9. Este modelo de PH-RVF crónico proporciona una herramienta valiosa para estudiar los mecanismos moleculares, desarrollar biomarcadores de diagnóstico y permitir la innovación terapéutica para gestionar la adaptación y la inadaptación de RV a partir de PH.
Introduction
La insuficiencia ventricular derecha (RV) descompensada es la causa predominante de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar (HP). El fracaso de rv es responsable de más del 50% de las hospitalizaciones en pacientes con HP y es una causa común de muerte en esta población de pacientes1,2. Aunque los tratamientos médicos actuales para la HP pueden proporcionar medidas de temporización, no revierten la progresión de la enfermedad. Como tal, el único tratamiento a largo plazo es el trasplante de pulmón. Para explorar y probar nuevos tratamientos e intervenciones médicas para la HP y la FVR, se necesita un modelo animal clínicamente relevante para recapitular la compleja fisiopatología de la enfermedad. En particular, existe una gran necesidad clínica de desarrollar terapias dirigidas a RV para pacientes con HP para mejorar la función de RV. Hasta la fecha, la mayoría de los estudios en animales publicados sobre la disfunción de PH y RV se han basado en pequeños mamíferos como ratones y ratas3. Por otro lado, solo ha habido un puñado de modelos animales grandes para estudiar la enfermedad y la fisiopatología de RV a partir de la poscarga anormal4,5,6,7. Además, ninguno de los modelos animales grandes publicados anteriormente incluye descripciones de procedimientos experimentales para la titulación controlada de la gravedad de la enfermedad que conduce diferencialmente a fenotipos de falla de RV compensados versus descompensados. Se necesita un modelo animal de HP que se pueda ajustar para inducir la insuficiencia aguda y crónica de RV con diversos grados de compensación para estudiar los mecanismos de la enfermedad y desarrollar, probar y traducir nuevos diagnósticos y terapias para PH y RVF en la práctica clínica. Tal modelo en un animal grande es especialmente valioso para el desarrollo de dispositivos mecánicos de soporte circulatorio8.
Aquí se presenta un modelo crónico de PH-RVF en animales grandes que utiliza ligadura de la arteria pulmonar izquierda (AF) y bandas de AF principal progresiva en ovejas adultas9,10. La ligadura de la AF izquierda (LPA) aumenta la resistencia vascular pulmonar y disminuye la capacitancia de la AF11,12. El enfoque progresivo de bandas pa permite una titulación precisa de la gravedad de la enfermedad y la adaptación a RV. Esta plataforma también se puede utilizar fácilmente para la investigación longitudinal de la progresión de la enfermedad hacia la descompensación de RV. Los procedimientos y procesos necesarios para ejecutar este modelo se presentan como un recurso para los investigadores interesados en una plataforma de animales grandes para desarrollar nuevos tratamientos para ph y RVF.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
El modelo PH-RVF presentado puede inducir de manera confiable diferentes niveles de gravedad de la enfermedad para que coincida con los objetivos de la investigación. Se utilizan dos enfoques diferentes en combinación para inducir este modelo de enfermedad. En primer lugar, la ligadura LPA sirve para aumentar la resistencia vascular pulmonar y disminuir la capacitancia de PA11,12, estableciendo así el punto de partida del modelo crónico en un estado de poscar…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Este trabajo fue financiado por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud R01HL140231. Agradecemos a la División de Cuidado de Animales por su cría de animales y atención veterinaria. Agradecemos al SR Light Laboratory y a su personal, Jamie Adcock, Susan Fultz, Codi VanRooyen y José Díaz, por su dedicado apoyo técnico con cirugías de animales grandes.
Materials
| 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation Pour Bottle by Baxter Healthcare, 1000 mL | Medline | BHL2F7124 | Surgical Disposable |
| 0.25% Bupivacaine | Hospira Inc | 0409-1160-18 | Medication, Intra-Operative |
| 0.9% Normal Saline, 1000 mL | Baxter Healthcare Corp | 0338-0049-04 | Medication, Intra-Operative |
| 0.9% Normal Saline, 500 mL | Baxter Healthcare Corp., | 0338-0049-03 | Medication, Chronic PH |
| 16 mm Heavy Duty Occluder with actuating tubing | Access Technologies | OC-16HD | Surgical Disposable |
| 3-mL Skin Prep Applicator | Medline | MDF260400 | Surgical Disposable |
| 70% isopropyl alcohol prep pads | Medline | MDS090670 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Adhesive bandage tape | Patterson Veterinary | Disposable, Chronic PH | |
| Adson forceps | V. Mueller | NL1400 | Surgical Instrument |
| Allis tissue forceps | V. Mueller | CH1560 | Surgical Instrument |
| Aortic clamp, straight (bainbridge forceps) | V. Mueller | SU6001 | Surgical Instrument |
| Backhaus towel forceps | V. Mueller | SU2900 | Surgical Instrument |
| Bags, Infusion: Nonsterile Novaplus Infusion Bag, 500 mL | Medline | TCV4005H | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Berry sternal needle holder | V. Mueller | CH2540 | Surgical Instrument |
| Blades, Electrode: Electrode Blade, 6.5", with 0.24 cm Shaft | Medline | VALE15516 | Surgical Disposable |
| Blades: Stainless-Steel Sterile Surgical Blade, Size #10 | Medline | B-D371210 | Surgical Disposable |
| Blades: Stainless-Steel Sterile Surgical Blade, Size #11 | Medline | B-D371211 | Surgical Disposable |
| Blades: Stainless-Steel Sterile Surgical Blade, Size #15 | Medline | B-D371215 | Surgical Disposable |
| BNC Male to BNC Male Cable | Digi-Key | 415-0198-036 | Equipment |
| Castroviejo needle holder | V. Mueller | CH8589 | Surgical Instrument |
| Cefazolin | Apotex Corp | 60505-6142-0 | Medication, Intra-Operative |
| Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid | Zoetis Inc | 54771-5223-1 | Medication, Post-Operative |
| Chest Drain, with Dry Suction, Adult-Pediatric | Medline | DEKA6000LFH | Surgical Disposable |
| Chest tube passer | V. Mueller | CH04189 | Surgical Instrument |
| COnfidence Flowprobes for Research (PAU-Series) | Transonic | 24PAU | Equipment, Perivascular Flow Probe |
| Cooley tangential occlusion clamp | V. Mueller | CH6572 | Surgical Instrument |
| Data Acquisition Hardware | ADInstruments | PowerLab 16/30 | Equipment |
| DeBakey Aorta clamp | V. Mueller | CH7247 | Surgical Instrument |
| DeBakey multi-purpose clamp | V. Mueller | CH7276 | Surgical Instrument |
| Debakey tissue forceps, 12’’ | V. Mueller | CH5906 | Surgical Instrument |
| Debakey vascular tissue forceps 7 3/4’’ | V. Mueller | CH5902 | Surgical Instrument |
| Debakey vascular tissue forceps, 9’’ | V. Mueller | CH5904 | Surgical Instrument |
| Electrosurgical Generator | Covidien | Force FX-C | Equipment |
| Endotracheal Tube, 10mm | Patterson Veterinary | 07-882-9008 | Surgical Disposable |
| Enrofloxacin | Norbrook Laboratories Limited | 55529-152-05 | Medication, Intra-Operative |
| Fentanyl Transdermal Patch | Apotex Corp | 60505-7007-2 | Medication, Pre-Operative |
| Ferris smith tissue forceps | V. Mueller | SU2510 | Surgical Instrument |
| Finochietto rib spreaders, large | V. Mueller | CH1220-1 | Surgical Instrument |
| Finochietto rib spreaders, medium | V. Mueller | CH1215-1 | Surgical Instrument |
| Flexsteel ribbon retractor, 1” x 13” | V. Mueller | SU3340 | Surgical Instrument |
| Flexsteel ribbon retractor, 2” x 13” | V. Mueller | SU3346 | Surgical Instrument |
| Foerster sponge forceps, curved | V. Mueller | GL660 | Surgical Instrument |
| Gauze Sponges: Sterile X-ray Compatible Gauze Sponges, 16-Ply, 4" x 4" | Medline | PRM21430LFH | Surgical Disposable |
| Gerald-DeBakey forceps | V. Mueller | CH04242 | Surgical Instrument |
| Glassman Allis | V. Mueller | SU6152 | Surgical Instrument |
| Halsted mosquito forceps | V. Mueller | SU2702 | Surgical Instrument |
| Harken clamp | V. Mueller | CH6462 | Surgical Instrument |
| Heat Therapy Pump | Gaymar/Stryker | TP-400 | Equipment |
| Heparin | Fresenius Kabi, | 63323-540-31 | Medication, Chronic PH |
| Hospira Primary IV Sets, 80" | Patterson Veterinary | 07-835-0123 | Surgical Disposable |
| Hypertonic saline 3% | Baxter Healthcare Corp., | 0338-0054-03 | Medication, Chronic PH |
| Hypodermic Needle with Bevel and Regular Wall, 20 G x 1" | Medline | B-D305175Z | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Interface Cable, Edwards LifeScience Transducer to ADInstruments Bridge Amplifier | Fogg System | 0395-2434 | Equipment |
| Intravenous Infusion Pump | Heska | Vet/IV 2.2 Infusion Pump | Equipment |
| Isoflurane | Patterson Veterinary | 14043-704-06 | Medication, Pre-Operative |
| Kantrowitz thoracic clamp, 9-1/2” | V. Mueller | CH1722 | Surgical Instrument |
| Kelly hemostats | V. Mueller | 88-0314 | Surgical Instrument |
| Lidocaine HCl, 2.46% | PRN Pharmacal, | 49427-434-04 | Medication, Chronic PH |
| Ligaclip Multiple-Clip Appliers by Ethicon | Medline | ETHMCS20 | Surgical Disposable |
| Loop, Vessel, Mini, Red, 2/pk, Sterile | Medline | DYNJVL12 | Surgical Disposable |
| Lorna non-perforating towel forceps | V. Mueller | SU2937 | Surgical Instrument |
| Mayo dissecting scissors, curved | V. Mueller | SU1826 | Surgical Instrument |
| Mayo dissecting scissors, straight | V. Mueller | SU1821 | Surgical Instrument |
| Medipore Dress-It Pre-Cut Dressing Covers by 3M | Medline | MMM2955Z | Surgical Disposable |
| Meloxicam | Patterson Veterinary | 14043-909-10 | Medication, Post-Operative |
| Mixter thoracic forceps, 9” | V. Mueller | CH1730-003 | Surgical Instrument |
| Mosquito hemostats | V. Mueller | 88-0301 | Surgical Instrument |
| Multi-Channel Research Consoles | Transonic | T402/T403 | Equipment, Perivascular Flow Meter |
| Multi-Lumen Central Venous Catheterization Kits | Medline | ARW45703XP1AH | Surgical Disposable |
| Multi-Parameter Vital Signs Monitor | Smiths Medical | SurgiVet Advisor 3 | Equipment |
| Needles: Hypodermic Needle with Regular Bevel, Sterile, 18 G x 1.5" | Medline | B-D305185Z | Surgical Disposable |
| No. 3 knife handle | V. Mueller | SU1403-001 | Surgical Instrument |
| No. 7 knife handle | V. Mueller | SU1407 | Surgical Instrument |
| Non-Vented Male Luer Cap | Qosina | 13614 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Octal Bridge Amplifier | ADInstruments | FE228 | Equipment |
| Ophthalmic Ointment | Akorn Animal Health | 59399-162-35 | Medication, Pre-Operative |
| Penrose Tubing, 6 mm x 46 cm, 11 mm Flat | Medline | SWD514604H | Surgical Disposable |
| Perma-Hand Black Braided Silk: 2-0 SH Taperpoint Needle, Control Release, 30" | Medline | ETHD8552 | Surgical Disposable |
| Perma-Hand Suture, Black Braided, Size 0, 6 x 30” | Medline | ETHA306H | Surgical Disposable |
| Perma-Hand Suture, Black Braided, Size 4-0, 12 x 30" | Medline | ETHA303H | Surgical Disposable |
| Phenylephrine | West-Ward | 0641-6142-25 | Medication, Intra-Operative |
| Polyhesive Cordless Patient Return Electrodes, Adult | Medline | SWDE7509 | Surgical Disposable |
| Port-A-Cath Huber Needle, Straight, 22 G x 1-1/2" | Medline | AAKM21200724 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| PROLENE Monofilament Suture, Blue, Size 4-0, 36", Double Arm, RB-1 Needle | Medline | ETHD7143 | Surgical Disposable |
| PROLENE Polypropylene Monofilament Suture, Blue, Double-Armed, RB-1 Needle, Size 5-0, 24" | Medline | ETH8555H | Surgical Disposable |
| Regional Block Needles, 22-gauge | Medline | B-D408348Z | Surgical Disposable |
| Schnidt tonsil artery forceps | V. Mueller | M01700 | Surgical Instrument |
| Skin staple extractor | Medline | CND3031 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Skin stapler 35 wide, with counter | Medline | STAPLER35W | Surgical Disposable |
| Sphygmomanometer | Medline | Equipment | |
| Sponge bowl | V. Mueller | GE-75 | Surgical Instrument |
| Sponge, Lap: X-Ray Detectable Sterile Lap Sponge, 18" x 18", 5/Pack | Medline | MDS241518HH | Surgical Disposable |
| Sponge, Peanut: X-Ray Detectable Sterile Peanut Sponge, Small, 3/8" | Medline | MDS72038 | Surgical Disposable |
| Sterile Disposable Deluxe OR Towel, Blue, 17'' x 27'', 2/Pack | Medline | MDT2168202 | Surgical Disposable |
| Sterile Luer-Lock Syringe, 3 mL | Medline | SYR103010Z | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Sterile Luer-Lock Syringe, 5 mL | Medline | SYR105010Z | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Sterile Surgical Equipment Probe Covers | Medline | DYNJE5930 | Surgical Disposable |
| Stopcock: 3-Way Stopcock with Handle in OFF Position, Rotating Adaptor Male Collar Fitting, 45 PSI | Medline | DYNJSC301 | Surgical Disposable |
| Stopcock: 3-Way Stopcock with Handle in OFF Position, Rotating Adaptor Male Collar Fitting, 45 PSI | Medline | DYNJSC301 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Subcutaneous Port with 5-French Connector and Blue Boot | Access Technologies | CP2AC-5NC | Surgical Disposable |
| Super cut metzenbaum dissecting scissors | V. Mueller | CH2032-S | Surgical Instrument |
| Super cut nelson-metzenbaum dissecting scissors | V. Mueller | CH2025-S | Surgical Instrument |
| Syringes: Sterile Luer-Lock Syringe, 10 mL | Medline | SYR110010Z | Surgical Disposable |
| Thoracic Catheter, Straight, 28 Fr x 20" | Medline | SWD570549H | Surgical Disposable |
| Three-quarter surgical drape | Medline | DYNJP2414H | Surgical Disposable |
| Tiletamine + Zolazepam | Zoetis Inc | 54771-9050-1 | Medication, Pre-Operative |
| TourniKwik Tourniquet Set with Four 7.5" Bronze-Colored Tubes and 1 Snare, 12 French | Medline | CVR79013 | Surgical Disposable |
| Transducer clip | Edwards LifeScience | TCLIP05 | Equipment |
| Trigger Aneroid Gauge (Sphygmomanometer) | Patterson Veterinary | 07-815-0464 | Equipment |
| TruWave Disposable Pressure Transducer Kits by Edwards Lifesciences | Medline | VSYPX260 | Surgical Disposable and Chronic PH |
| TS420 Perivascular Flow Module | Transonic | TS420 | Equipment, Perivascular Flow Meter |
| Tubing, Suction: Sterile Universal Suction Tubing with Straight Ribbed Connectors, 1/4" x 12' | Medline | OR612 | Surgical Disposable |
| Tubing: Pressure Monitoring Tubing with Fixed Male Luer Lock and Female Fitting, Low Pressure, 72" L | Medline | DYNJPMTBG72MF | Surgical Disposable |
| Tubing: Pressure Monitoring Tubing with Fixed Male Luer Lock and Female Fitting, Low Pressure, 72" L | Medline | DYNJPMTBG72MF | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Tubular Elastic Dressing Retainer | Medline | DERGL711 | Disposable, Chronic PH |
| Tuffier rib retractor | V. Mueller | CD1101 | Surgical Instrument |
| Tygon E-3603 Flexible Tubings | Fisher Scientific | 14-171-227 | Surgical Disposable |
| U.S.A retractor | V. Mueller | SU3660 | Surgical Instrument |
| Umbilical Tape, Cotton, 3-Strand, 1/8 x 36" | Medline | ETHU12TH | Surgical Disposable |
| Valleylab Button Switch Pencil | Medline | VALE2516H | Surgical Disposable |
| Vanderbilt deep vessel forceps | V. Mueller | CH1687 | Surgical Instrument |
| Veterinary Anesthesia Machine | Midmark | Matrx VMC | Equipment |
| Veterinary Anesthesia Ventilator | Hallowell EMC | Model 2000 | Equipment |
| Vicryl: Undyed Coated Vicryl 0 CT-1 36" Suture | Medline | ETHVCP946H | Surgical Disposable |
| Vicryl: Undyed Coated Vicryl 2 TP-1 Taper 54" Suture | Medline | ETHVCP880T | Surgical Disposable |
| Vicryl: Undyed Coated Vicryl 2-0 CT-1 18" Suture | Medline | ETHVCP739D | Surgical Disposable |
| Vital crile-wood needle holder, 10-3/8” | V. Mueller | CH2427 | Surgical Instrument |
| Vital mayo-hegar needle holder, 7-1/4” | V. Mueller | CH2417 | Surgical Instrument |
| Vital metzenbaum dissecting scissors, 14’’ | V. Mueller | CH2009 | Surgical Instrument |
| Vital metzenbaum dissecting scissors, 9” | V. Mueller | CH2006 | Surgical Instrument |
| Vital ryder needle holder, 9” | V. Mueller | CH2510 | Surgical Instrument |
| Yankauer, Bulb Tip: Sterile Rigid Yankauer with Bulb Tip, No Vent | Medline | DYND50130 | Surgical Disposable |
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