Summary

使用脉冲幅度调制叶绿素荧光法对作物中的非光化学猝灭进行高通量分析

Published: July 06, 2022
doi:

Summary

该协议引入了一种高通量方法,用于通过脉冲幅度调制的叶绿素荧光测定法测量非光化学淬灭的松弛。该方法适用于田间生长的 甘氨酸max ,并且可以适应其他物种以筛选遗传多样性或繁殖种群。

Abstract

光合作用在现代作物品种中没有得到优化,因此提供了改进的机会。加速非光化学淬火(NPQ)的松弛已被证明是提高光合性能的有效策略。然而,由于过度采样和从田间生长的作物植物收集的局限性,缺乏为改善NPQ而育种的潜力以及对NPQ松弛的遗传基础的完整理解。在之前的报告的基础上,我们提出了一种高通量测定法,用于使用脉冲幅度调制(PAM)叶绿素荧光测定法分析 甘氨酸max (大豆)中的NPQ弛豫率。在运输到实验室之前,从田间种植的大豆中取样叶盘,在实验室中用封闭的PAM荧光计测量NPQ弛豫。NPQ弛豫参数的计算方法是在从高光到低光转换后将双指数函数拟合到测量的NPQ值。使用这种方法,可以在一天内测试数百种基因型。该程序有可能筛选突变体和多样性小组在NPQ弛豫中的变化,因此可以应用于基础和应用研究问题。

Introduction

光合作用包括光吸收、初级电子转移、能量稳定以及光合产物的合成和传输1.了解每个步骤对于指导提高作物光合作用效率的努力至关重要。光影响光合作用的速率,需要以光子的形式平衡能量供应,并需要减少等效物。当供应超过需求时,例如在高光下或气孔闭合引起的CO2 固定减少期间,还原功率的积聚增加了活性氧形成的可能性,有可能损坏光合装置并损害电子传输。因此,为了防止损伤,植物已经发展出几种光保护机制,包括活性氧的解毒和激发叶绿素态(NPQ)的非光化学淬灭2

在野外环境中保持高光合作用率具有挑战性。季节性和昼夜变化,以及风引起的叶片运动和瞬时云层覆盖等环境波动,导致植物光合作用3所接收的光量和强度发生变化。NPQ可以消散多余的光能,并有助于防止光损伤,同时允许在高光4下持续光合作用。然而,在高光到低光跃迁期间,长时间的NPQ继续耗散可用于碳减排的能量5。因此,加速NPQ的松弛可以提高光合作用6的效率,使NPQ松弛成为作物改良的有吸引力的靶点。

脉冲幅度调制叶绿素荧光(PAM)分析可用于根据可测量参数计算NPQ(补充表1 补充表2789。本文重点介绍如何确定田间植物中的NPQ弛豫率,以筛选种质中的自然变异。然而,PAM叶绿素荧光测定法分析也可用于各种目的,适用于从藻类到高等植物的物种,并在其他地方进行了综述789

在暗适应的叶子或细胞中,光系统II(PSII)反应中心是开放的,可以接收电子并且没有NPQ。打开低强度测量光可引发叶绿素荧光,同时避免电子通过PSII传输。在这种暗适应状态下记录的最小荧光由参数Fo描述。将高强度光脉冲施加到深色适应的叶子上可以迅速减少与醌A位点结合的醌的第一个稳定电子受体池。这暂时阻断了PSII反应中心的电子转移能力,然后说这些反应中心是封闭的,无法从水分裂中接收电子。通过使用较短的脉冲持续时间,没有足够的时间来刺激NPQ。所得叶绿素荧光相当于在没有NPQ的情况下可获得的最大值,或最大荧光F m。最小荧光和最大荧光之间的差异称为可变荧光,Fv。光系统II的最大光化学量子产率(Fv/Fm)是使用以下等式从这两个参数计算得出的:

Fv/Fm = (Fm-F o)/Fm

这可以提供光系统功能和应力的重要指标。打开光化(光合)光会刺激非光化学猝灭,随后应用饱和闪光可以测量适合光的最大荧光 Fm。通过比较暗荧光和适应光的最大荧光之间的差异,可以根据斯特恩-沃尔默方程10计算NPQ:

NPQ = F/联邦m – 1

在高等植物中,氮磷脂被描述为由至少五种不同的成分组成,包括质量相关成分、qT、qZ、qI和qH。NPQ所涉及的确切机制尚不完全清楚。然而,在大多数工厂中,qE被认为是NPQ的主要成分。已经发现完全参与qE的关键因素包括质子梯度在类囊体膜上的积聚,光系统II亚基S1112的活性,以及脱环氧化的叶黄素,动脉炎,叶黄素,特别是玉米黄质13。qE是所有NPQ组分中松弛最快的(<2分钟)14,因此qE的可逆激活对于适应不断变化的光强度尤为重要。NPQ弛豫的第二个较慢阶段(约2-30分钟)包括与状态转换相关的qT和qZ,涉及玉米黄质与中提黄质15的相互转化。NPQ的缓慢放松(>30分钟)可能包括光抑制淬灭(qI)16 和独立于光损伤1718的过程,例如qH,其是由质体脂质体运筹蛋白1920介导的PSII外周触角中的持续淬火。

在高光下,NPQ 会增加。随后转移到低光下可导致NPQ的下调。快速、中间和慢弛鬆相位的衰减可以在双指数函数15,212223 的参数中捕获

NPQ = Aq1(-吨/τ1) + Aq2(-吨/τ2) + Aq3

双指数函数的理论基础是基于假设淬火器的一阶利用假设,包括qE(Aq1),qZ和qT的组合松弛(Aq2),相应的时间常数τq1和τq2,以及长期NPQ,其中包括qI和光损伤无关过程(Aq3)。因此,与缺乏理论基础的更简单的希尔方程相比,双指数函数提供了猝灭叶绿素荧光所涉及的多个连接生物过程的更真实的表示24

NPQ可以使用各种市售的PAM荧光计2526进行测量,从简单的手持设备27 到更先进的封闭系统28。然而,其中几种方法的局限性是通量相对较低,这使得在没有多个设备和研究团队的情况下筛选大量植物具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题,McAusland等人开发了一种基于切除的叶组织的程序,并用它来鉴定两个小麦品种29之间叶绿素荧光的差异。这种方法的吸引力在于,用一个设备从多个植物中提取的成像叶盘可以促进在一天内筛选数百个基因型。这使得评估NPQ弛豫的变化成为可能,作为全基因组关联研究的一部分,或者用于筛选有可能提高作物光合效率和最终产量的育种种群。

基于McAusland等人29的发现,我们使用叶盘的PAM叶绿素荧光分析来高通量筛选 甘氨酸maxG.max;大豆)中的NPQ弛豫率。该协议使用CF成像仪25,可与其他市售的封闭式PAM系统相媲美,例如流行的FluorCam26。通过用于调整样品的暗室,用户可以对96孔板,培养皿和小型植物进行成像。与单个植物的顺序分析相比,这种方法的主要优点是使用叶盘可提高吞吐量。在这里,我们提出了具有代表性的结果,以及一种在田间生长的植物中采样,测量和分析NPQ的方法。

Protocol

1. 种子种植 选择肥沃,排水良好但不是沙质土壤的田地,pH值接近6.5。用锄头对地面进行评分,标记出间距为0.75 m的 1.2 m 行图。 在土壤温度在25至30°C之间的生长季节开始时,沿每个地块在3厘米深处种植50粒 G.max cv. IA3023。注意:为了筛选遗传多样性,预计会生长和比较多种不同的基因型。每个基因型植物2-5行,以随机块设计排列。应考虑气候条件是否适合大…

Representative Results

图1A 描述了大田种植的大豆中NPQ的典型测量值。2021年夏季在伊利诺伊州厄巴纳(纬度40.084604°,经度-88.227952°)种植植物,并于6月5日播种。2021. 在播种30天后对叶盘进行采样,并使用提供的方案进行测量(表1)。计算每个叶盘的 Fv/Fm 和NPQ值(补充表4),并通过拟合双指数函数计算NPQ松弛参数(表2)。在初始饱和闪光以?…

Discussion

仔细选择和处理叶盘对于获得可靠的NPQ测量值至关重要。首先,对组织的损伤,例如用镊子粗暴处理,将引入应力,导致光合作用的最大量子效率值较低。非胁迫植物的 Fv/Fm 值通常约为0.8318,显著下降表明光合性能下降9。然而,在田间条件下生长的植物通常经历轻微的胁迫,因此根据先前的研究,将 FvFm

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了研究项目“实现提高光合作用效率”(RIPE)的支持,该项目由比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会,粮食及农业研究基金会以及英国外交,英联邦和发展办公室资助,拨款号为OPP1172157。

Materials

24 well tissue culture plate Fisher Scientific FB012929 Country of Origin: United States of America
96 well tissue culture plate Fisher Scientific FB012931 Country of Origin: United States of America
Aluminum foil Antylia Scientific  61018-56 Country of Origin: United States of America
Black marker pen Sharpie SAN30001 Country of Origin: United States of America
CF imager Technologica Ltd. N/A chlorophyll fluorescence imager
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
Cork-borer, 7mm Humboldt Mfg Co H9665 Country of Origin: United States of America
FluorImager V2.305 Software Technologica Ltd. N/A imaging software
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
iHank-Nose 100-Pack of Premium Nasal Aspirator Hygiene Filters Amazon  B07P6XCTGV Country of Origin: United States of America
Marker stakes John Henry Company KN0151 Country of Origin: United States of America
Paper scissors VWR 82027-596 Country of Origin: United States of America
Parafilm Bemis Company Inc.  S3-594-6 Semi -transparent flexible film
Country of Origin: United States of America
Solid rubber stoppers Fisher Scientific 14-130M Country of Origin: United States of America

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Gotarkar, D., Doran, L., Burns, M., Hinkle, A., Kromdijk, J., Burgess, S. J. High-Throughput Analysis of Non-Photochemical Quenching in Crops Using Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry. J. Vis. Exp. (185), e63485, doi:10.3791/63485 (2022).

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