JoVE Journal > Neuroscience
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
자동 번역
신경과학

Intracerebroventrikulær levering av tarmavledede mikrobielle metabolitter i fritt bevegelige mus

Published: June 02, 2022
doi:
10.3791/63972
, ,
1Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine,National Cheng Kung University, 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine,National Cheng Kung University

Summary

Tarmavledede mikrobielle metabolitter har mangefasetterte effekter som fører til kompleks oppførsel hos dyr. Vi tar sikte på å gi en trinnvis metode for å avgrense effekten av tarmavledede mikrobielle metabolitter i hjernen via intracerebroventrikulær levering via en guidekanyle.

Abstract

Virkningen av tarmmikrobiota og deres metabolitter på vertsfysiologi og oppførsel har blitt grundig undersøkt i dette tiåret. Tallrike studier har vist at tarmmikrobiota-avledede metabolitter modulerer hjernemedierte fysiologiske funksjoner gjennom intrikate tarm-hjerneveier i verten. Kortkjedede fettsyrer (SCFA) er de viktigste bakterieavledede metabolittene produsert under kostfiberfermentering av tarmmikrobiomet. Utskilte SCFAer fra tarmen kan virke på flere steder i periferien, noe som påvirker immun-, endokrine og nevrale responser på grunn av den enorme fordelingen av SCFA-reseptorer. Det er derfor utfordrende å differensiere de sentrale og perifere effektene av SCFAs gjennom oral og intraperitoneal administrering av SCFAs. Dette papiret presenterer en videobasert metode for å forhøre den funksjonelle rollen til SCFAs i hjernen via en guidekanyle i fritt bevegelige mus. Mengden og typen SCFAer i hjernen kan justeres ved å kontrollere infusjonsvolum og -hastighet. Denne metoden kan gi forskere en måte å sette pris på rollen som tarmavledede metabolitter i hjernen.

Introduction

Den menneskelige mage-tarmkanalen har forskjellige mikroorganismer som påvirker verten 1,2,3. Disse tarmbakteriene kan utskille tarmavledede metabolitter under bruk av diettkomponenter som forbrukes av verten 4,5. Interessant nok kan tarmmetabolittene som ikke metaboliseres i periferien transporteres til andre organer via sirkulasjon6. Merk at disse utskilte metabolittene kan tjene som mediatorer for tarm-hjerneaksen, definert som toveis kommunikasjon mellom sentralnervesystemet og tarmen7. Tidligere studier har vist at tarmavledede metabolitter kan modulere kompleks oppførsel og følelser hos dyr 8,9,10,11.

Kortkjedede fettsyrer (SCFA) er hovedmetabolittene produsert av tarmmikrobiota under gjæring av kostfiber og ufordøyelige karbohydrater6. Acetat, propionat og butyrat er de mest tallrike SCFAene i tarmen12. SCFAs tjener som energikilde for celler i mage-tarmkanalen. Unmetabolized SCFAs i tarmen kan transporteres til hjernen gjennom portalvenen, og dermed modulere hjernen og atferd 6,12. Tidligere studier har antydet at SCFAs kan spille en kritisk rolle i nevropsykiatriske lidelser 6,12. For eksempel reddet intraperitoneal injeksjon av butyrat i BTBR T + Itpr3tf / J (BTBR) mus, en dyremodell av autismespektrumforstyrrelse (ASD), deres sosiale underskudd13. Antibiotikabehandlede rotter som fikk mikrobiota fra depressive personer viste en økning i angstlignende atferd og fekale SCFAs14. Klinisk ble endringer i fekale SCFA-nivåer observert hos personer med ASD sammenlignet med typisk utviklende kontroller15,16. Personer med depresjon har lavere fekale SCFAs nivåer enn friske personer17,18. Disse studiene antydet at SCFAs kan endre atferd hos dyr og mennesker gjennom ulike ruter.

Mikrobielle metabolitter utøver ulike effekter på flere steder i kroppen, og påvirker vertsfysiologi og atferd 4,19, inkludert mage-tarmkanalen, vagusnerven og sympatisk nerve. Det er vanskelig å fastslå den nøyaktige rollen til tarmavledede metabolitter i hjernen når metabolittene administreres via perifere ruter. Denne artikkelen presenterer en videobasert protokoll for å undersøke effekten av tarmavledede metabolitter i hjernen til en mus i fri bevegelse (figur 1). Vi viste at SCFAer kunne gis akutt gjennom guidekanylen under atferdstester. Type, volum og infusjonshastighet for metabolitter kan modifiseres avhengig av formålet. Stedet for kanylisering kan justeres for å undersøke virkningen av tarmmetabolitter i en bestemt hjernegruppe. Vi tar sikte på å gi forskere en metode for å undersøke den potensielle effekten av tarmavledede mikrobielle metabolitter på hjernen og atferden.

Protocol

Alle eksperimentelle protokoller og dyrenes omsorg ble godkjent av National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). 1. Forberedelse for forsøksdyret Få 6-8 uker gamle villtype C57BL/6JNarl hannmus fra en leverandør. Hus musene i et standard musebur med standard musesuppe og sterilisert vann ad libitum.MERK: Husforholdene for laboratoriedyrsenteret i NCKU er 22 ± 1 ° C temperatur, 55% ± 10% fuktigh…

Representative Results

Musen ble infundert med SCFAs 1 uke etter utvinning fra guidekanyleimplantasjonen for å evaluere lokomotorisk aktivitet i et nytt bur. Musen ble plassert i et nytt bur og infundert med 2,100 nL SCFAs eller ACSF i de første 5 minuttene (leveringshastighet på 7 nL / s) inn i hjernen gjennom den kommersielle guidekanylen implantert i hjernens laterale ventrikel. Den lokomotoriske aktiviteten i et nytt bur ble registrert i ytterligere 30 minutter etter infusjon. Det ble ikke observert noen forskjell i den lokomotoriske ak…

Discussion

Tarmavledede metabolitter har vært assosiert med hjernemedierte sykdommer uten mye presis mekanisme, delvis på grunn av deres flere bindingssteder i kroppen 6,12,24. Tidligere rapporter indikerte at SCFAer kunne tjene som ligander for G-proteinkoblede reseptorer, epigenetiske regulatorer og kilder til energiproduksjon på flere steder i kroppen 6,12. For å omgå de fo…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Vi anerkjenner laboratoriedyrsenterets ansatte ved National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) for omsorg for dyrene. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av stipendet fra prof. Kun-Yen Huang Education Fund of CHENG-HSING Medical Foundation til C.-W.L.; midlene fra departementet for vitenskap og teknologi (MOST) i Taiwan: (Undergraduate Research MOST 109-2813-C-006-095-B) til T.-H.Y.; (MOST 107-2320-B-006-072-MY3; 109-2314-B-006-046; 110-2314-B-006-114; 110-2320-B-006-018-MY3) til W.-L.W.; og Higher Education Sprout Project, Utdanningsdepartementet til hovedkvarteret for universitetsutvikling ved NCKU til W.-L.W.

Materials

Material
Advil Liqui-Gels Solubilized Ibuprofen A2:D41 Pfizer n/a
Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit ThermoFisher Scientific A-21206
Anti-Fluorescent Gold (rabbit polyclonal) Millipore AB153-I
Bottle Top Vacuum Filter, 500 mL, 0.22 μm, PES, Sterile NEST 121921LA01
CaCl2  Sigma-Aldrich C1016 ACSF: 0.14 g/L
Chlorhexidine scrub 2% Phoenix NDC 57319-611-09
Chlorhexidine solution Phoenix NDC 57319-599-09
Commercial dummy RWD Life Science 62004 Single_OD 0.20 mm/ M3.5/G = 0.5 mm
Commercial guide cannul RWD Life Science 62104 Single_OD 0.41 mm-27G/ M3.5/C = 2.5 mm 
Commercial injector RWD Life Science 62204 Single_OD 0.21 mm-33G/ Mates with M3.5/C = 3.5 mm/G = 0.5 mm
D-(+)-Glucose Sigma-Aldrich G8270 ACSF: 0.61 g/L
Dental acrylic HYGENIC n/a
Fixing screws RWD Life Science 62521
Fluoroshield mounting medium with DAPI Abcam AB104139
Horse serum ThermoFisher Scientific 16050130
Insulin syringes BBraun XG-LBB-9151133S-1BX 1 mL
Isoflurane  Panion & BF biotech DG-4900-250D
KCl  Sigma-Aldrich P3911 ACSF: 0.19 g/L
Ketoprofen  Swiss Pharmaceutical n/a
Lidocaine  AstraZeneca n/a
Low melting point agarose Invitrogen 16520
MgCl2  Sigma-Aldrich M8266 ACSF: 0.19 g/L
Microscope cover slips MARIENFELD 101242
Microscope slides ThermoFisher Scientific 4951PLUS-001E
Mineral oil light, white NF Macron Fine Chemicals MA-6358-04
NaCl  Sigma-Aldrich S9888 ACSF: 7.46 g/L
NaH2PO4  Sigma-Aldrich S8282 ACSF: 0.18 g/L
NaHCO3  Sigma-Aldrich S5761 ACSF: 1.76 g/L
n-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive (tissue adhesive glue) 3M 1469SB 3M Vetbond
Neural tracer  Santa Cruz SC-358883 FluoroGold
Paraformaldehyde Sigma-Aldrich P6148
Polyethylene tube RWD Life Science 62329 OD 1.50, I.D 0.50 mm and OD 1.09, I.D 0.38 mm
Puralube Vet (eye) Ointment Dechra  12920060
Sodium acetate  Sigma-Aldrich S2889 SCFAs: 13.5 mM
Sodium azide  Sigma-Aldrich S2002
Sodium butyrate  Sigma-Aldrich B5887 SCFAs: 8 mM
Sodium propionate  Sigma-Aldrich P1880 SCFAs: 5.18 mM
Stainless guide cannula Chun Ta stainless steel enterprise CO., LTD. n/a OD 0.63 mm; Local vendor
Stainless injector Chun Ta stainless steel enterprise CO., LTD. n/a OD 0.3 mm; dummy is made from injector; local vendor
Superglue Krazy Glue KG94548R
Triton X-100 Merck 1.08603.1000
Equipment
Cannula holder RWD Life Science B485-68217
Ceiling camera FOSCAM R2
Digital stereotaxic instruments Stoelting 51730D
Dissecting microscope INNOVIEW SEM-HT/TW
Glass Bead Sterilizer RWD Life Science RS1501
Heating pad Stoelting 53800M
Leica microscope  Leica DM2500
Micro Dissecting Forceps ROBOZ RS-5136 Serrated, Slight Curve; Extra Delicate; 0.5mm Tip Width; 4" Length 
Micro Dissecting Scissors ROBOZ RS-5918 4.5" Angled Sharp
Microinjection controller World Precision Instruments (WPI) MICRO2T SMARTouch Controller
Microinjection syringe pump World Precision Instruments (WPI) UMP3T-1 UltraMicroPump3  
Microliter syringe Hamilton 80014 10 µL
Optical Fiber Cold Light with double Fiber Step LGY-150 Local vendor
Pet trimmer WAHL 09962-2018
Vaporiser for Isoflurane Step AS-01 Local vendor
Vibratome Leica VT1000S
Software
Animal behavior video tracking software Noldus EthoVision Version: 15.0.1416
Leica Application Suite X software Leica LASX Version: 3.7.2.22383
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Lynch, J. B., Hsiao, E. Y. Microbiomes as sources of emergent host phenotypes. Science. 365 (6460), 1405-1409 (2019).
  2. Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 46 (1), 77-89 (2017).
  3. Sharon, G., Sampson, T. R., Geschwind, D. H., Mazmanian, S. K. The central nervous system and the gut microbiome. Cell. 167 (4), 915-932 (2016).
  4. Krautkramer, K. A., Fan, J., Backhed, F. Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates. Nature Reviews: Microbiology. 19 (2), 77-94 (2021).
  5. Lavelle, A., Sokol, H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 17 (4), 223-237 (2020).
  6. Dalile, B., Van Oudenhove, L., Vervliet, B., Verbeke, K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 16 (8), 461-478 (2019).
  7. Morais, L. H., Schreiber, H. L. T., Mazmanian, S. K. The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nature Reviews: Microbiology. 19 (4), 241-255 (2021).
  8. Sharon, G., et al. Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice. Cell. 177 (6), 1600-1618 (2019).
  9. St Laurent, R., O’Brien, L. M., Ahmad, S. T. Sodium butyrate improves locomotor impairment and early mortality in a rotenone-induced Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. 신경과학. 246, 382-390 (2013).
  10. Govindarajan, N., Agis-Balboa, R. C., Walter, J., Sananbenesi, F., Fischer, A. Sodium butyrate improves memory function in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model when administered at an advanced stage of disease progression. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 26 (1), 187-197 (2011).
  11. Needham, B. D., et al. A gut-derived metabolite alters brain activity and anxiety behaviour in mice. Nature. 602 (7898), 647-653 (2022).
  12. Silva, Y. P., Bernardi, A., Frozza, R. L. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 11, 25 (2020).
  13. Kratsman, N., Getselter, D., Elliott, E. Sodium butyrate attenuates social behavior deficits and modifies the transcription of inhibitory/excitatory genes in the frontal cortex of an autism model. Neuropharmacology. 102, 136-145 (2016).
  14. Kelly, J. R., et al. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 82, 109-118 (2016).
  15. Wang, L., et al. Elevated fecal short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 57 (8), 2096-2102 (2012).
  16. Adams, J. B., Johansen, L. J., Powell, L. D., Quig, D., Rubin, R. A. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism–comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterology. 11, 22 (2011).
  17. Skonieczna-Zydecka, K., et al. Faecal short chain fatty acids profile is changed in Polish depressive women. Nutrients. 10 (12), 1939 (2018).
  18. Szczesniak, O., Hestad, K. A., Hanssen, J. F., Rudi, K. Isovaleric acid in stool correlates with human depression. Nutritional Neuroscience. 19 (7), 279-283 (2016).
  19. Martin, A. M., Sun, E. W., Rogers, G. B., Keating, D. J. The influence of the gut microbiome on host metabolism through the regulation of gut hormone release. Frontiers in Physiology. 10, 428 (2019).
  20. Franklin, K. B. J., Paxinos, G. . Paxinos and Franklin’s The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2013).
  21. York, J. M., Blevins, N. A., McNeil, L. K., Freund, G. G. Mouse short- and long-term locomotor activity analyzed by video tracking software. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (76), e50252 (2013).
  22. Berg, L., Gerdey, J., Masseck, O. A. Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity to modulate behavior in freely moving mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (164), e61023 (2020).
  23. Meyerhoff, J., et al. Microdissection of mouse brain into functionally and anatomically different regions. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (168), e61941 (2021).
  24. Needham, B. D., Kaddurah-Daouk, R., Mazmanian, S. K. Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 21 (12), 717-731 (2020).
  25. Geiger, B. M., Frank, L. E., Caldera-Siu, A. D., Pothos, E. N. Survivable stereotaxic surgery in rodents. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (20), e880 (2008).
  26. Xiaoguang, W., et al. Establishment of a valuable mimic of Alzheimer’s disease in rat animal model by intracerebroventricular injection of composited amyloid beta protein. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (137), e56157 (2018).
  27. Venniro, M., Shaham, Y. An operant social self-administration and choice model in rats. Nature Protocols. 15 (4), 1542-1559 (2020).
  28. Ucal, M., et al. Rat model of widespread cerebral cortical demyelination induced by an intracerebral injection of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (175), e57879 (2021).
  29. Oberrauch, S., et al. Intraventricular drug delivery and sampling for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics study. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (181), e63540 (2022).
  30. Shultz, S. R., et al. Intracerebroventricular injections of the enteric bacterial metabolic product propionic acid impair cognition and sensorimotor ability in the Long-Evans rat: further development of a rodent model of autism. Behavioural Brain Research. 200 (1), 33-41 (2009).
  31. Shultz, S. R., et al. Intracerebroventricular injection of propionic acid, an enteric metabolite implicated in autism, induces social abnormalities that do not differ between seizure-prone (FAST) and seizure-resistant (SLOW) rats. Behavioural Brain Research. 278, 542-548 (2015).
  32. Perry, R. J., et al. Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-beta-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome. Nature. 534 (7606), 213-217 (2016).
  33. Muller, P. A., et al. Microbiota modulate sympathetic neurons via a gut-brain circuit. Nature. 583 (7816), 441-446 (2020).
  34. Pardridge, W. M. CSF, blood-brain barrier, and brain drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 13 (7), 963-975 (2016).
  35. Wu, J. -. T., et al. Oral short-chain fatty acids administration regulates innate anxiety in adult microbiome-depleted mice. Neuropharmacology. , (2022).
  36. Lee, J., et al. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote poststroke recovery in aged mice. Circulation Research. 127 (4), 453-465 (2020).
  37. Chiu, C., et al. Temporal course of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and amyloid accumulation in the aging rat brain from three to thirty months. Fluids Barriers CNS. 9 (1), 3 (2012).
  38. Schuler, B., Rettich, A., Vogel, J., Gassmann, M., Arras, M. Optimized surgical techniques and postoperative care improve survival rates and permit accurate telemetric recording in exercising mice. BMC Veterinary Research. 5, 28 (2009).
  39. Hurst, J. L., West, R. S. Taming anxiety in laboratory mice. Nature Methods. 7 (10), 825-826 (2010).
  40. Shuman, T., et al. Breakdown of spatial coding and interneuron synchronization in epileptic mice. Nature Neuroscience. 23 (2), 229-238 (2020).
  41. de Groot, A., et al. NINscope, a versatile miniscope for multi-region circuit investigations. Elife. 9, 49987 (2020).
  42. Kim, J. Y., Grunke, S. D., Levites, Y., Golde, T. E., Jankowsky, J. L. Intracerebroventricular viral injection of the neonatal mouse brain for persistent and widespread neuronal transduction. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (91), e51863 (2014).
  43. Wolter, J. M., et al. Cas9 gene therapy for Angelman syndrome traps Ube3a-ATS long non-coding RNA. Nature. 587 (7833), 281-284 (2020).
  44. Graybuck, L. T., et al. Enhancer viruses for combinatorial cell-subclass-specific labeling. Neuron. 109 (9), 1449-1464 (2021).
  45. Xie, M., et al. TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration. Nature Neuroscience. 25 (1), 26-38 (2022).
  46. Hsiao, E. Y., et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 155 (7), 1451-1463 (2013).
  47. Bermudez-Martin, P., et al. The microbial metabolite p-Cresol induces autistic-like behaviors in mice by remodeling the gut microbiota. Microbiome. 9 (1), 157 (2021).
  48. Needham, B. D., et al. A gut-derived metabolite alters brain activity and anxiety behaviour in mice. Nature. 602 (7898), 647-653 (2022).
  49. Stewart Campbell, A., et al. Safety and target engagement of an oral small-molecule sequestrant in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label phase 1b/2a trial. Nature Medicine. 28 (3), 528-534 (2022).
  50. Grienberger, C., Konnerth, A. Imaging calcium in neurons. Neuron. 73 (5), 862-885 (2012).
  51. Deisseroth, K. Optogenetics: 10 years of microbial opsins in neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience. 18 (9), 1213-1225 (2015).
  52. Roth, B. L. DREADDs for neuroscientists. Neuron. 89 (4), 683-694 (2016).
  53. Kaelberer, M. M., et al. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science. 361 (6408), (2018).
  54. Needham, B. D., Tang, W., Wu, W. L. Searching for the gut microbial contributing factors to social behavior in rodent models of autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurobiology. 78 (5), 474-499 (2018).
  55. Schretter, C. E., et al. A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila. Nature. 563 (7731), 402-406 (2018).
  56. Chu, C., et al. The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning. Nature. 574 (7779), 543-548 (2019).
  57. Wu, W. L., et al. Microbiota regulate social behaviour via stress response neurons in the brain. Nature. 595 (7867), 409-414 (2021).
  58. Buchanan, K. L., et al. The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell. Nature Neuroscience. 25 (2), 191-200 (2022).
  59. Han, W., et al. A neural circuit for gut-induced reward. Cell. 175 (3), 665-678 (2018).
  60. Yamawaki, Y., et al. Antidepressant-like effect of sodium butyrate (HDAC inhibitor) and its molecular mechanism of action in the rat hippocampus. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 13 (6), 458-467 (2012).
  61. Ho, L., et al. Protective roles of intestinal microbiota derived short chain fatty acids in Alzheimer’s disease-type beta-amyloid neuropathological mechanisms. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 18 (1), 83-90 (2018).
  62. Liu, J., et al. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of short-chain fatty acid acetate against Alzheimer’s disease via upregulating GPR41 and inhibiting ERK/JNK/NF-kappaB. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 68 (27), 7152-7161 (2020).
  63. van de Wouw, M., et al. Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain-gut axis alterations. Jounal of Physiology. 596 (20), 4923-4944 (2018).
  64. Olson, C. A., et al. The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet. Cell. 173 (7), 1728-1741 (2018).
  65. Stewart Campbell, A., et al. Safety and target engagement of an oral small-molecule sequestrant in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label phase 1b/2a trial. Nature Medicine. 28 (3), 528-534 (2022).

Tags

Keywords: IntracerebroventricularGut MicrobiotaGut MetabolitesMouse Brain행동분석학StereotaxicGuide CannulaN-Butyl CyanoacrylateDental Acrylic
check_url/kr/63972?article_type=t

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Cite This Article
Liou, C., Yao, T., Wu, W. Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (184), e63972, doi:10.3791/63972 (2022).
Download Citation
Reprints and Permissions

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image