Chapter 1: An Introduction to Psychology

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1.6:

Behaviorism

JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology

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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology

Behaviorism

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Behaviorism studies observable actions, such as a boy smiling after receiving ice cream or an audience clapping at the end of a performance. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied how learning behavior is acquired and introduced the principle of classical conditioning. He demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate the sound of a bell with food, salivating in anticipation. John Watson, an American psychologist, also supported the idea that psychology should focus on observable behaviors, like training a pet, and argued this approach could also apply to humans. For instance, a dog praised for sitting is likely to repeat the action, just as a child praised for completing homework is likely to continue submitting it on time. Another American psychologist, B.F. Skinner concentrated on how behavior is affected by its consequences. He introduced the principle of operant conditioning, which states that rewards encourage and punishments discourage actions. For example, rewarding a student with extra playtime for completing homework encourages the repetition of this behavior. Conversely, penalizing neglect by taking away screen time effectively reduces the tendency to avoid homework.

1.6:

Behaviorism

The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.

The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific inquiry can only be based on what can be seen and measured. Reinforcement and punishment are key concepts in this theory, illustrating how behaviors can be shaped over time by their outcomes. Skinner's operant conditioning chamber, or "Skinner box," allowed for precise control and measurement of experimental conditions, reinforcing behaviorism's commitment to empirical evidence and reproducibility.

Behaviorism's emphasis on observation and the environmental determinants of behavior not only solidified psychology's status as a scientific discipline but also had practical applications in therapy, education, and research. Despite criticism and the rise of cognitive psychology, which brought internal mental processes back into focus, the principles of behaviorism continue to inform and guide contemporary psychology.

While early behaviorists may have rejected the importance of cognitive processes, modern psychology often integrates behavioral and cognitive perspectives, acknowledging the complexity of human behavior. Contemporary behaviorists might still prioritize observable behavior, but they also recognize the role of cognition in understanding and modifying behavior.

Behaviorism's legacy is its rigorous scientific approach to psychology, focusing on observable behavior and its environmental causes. This framework has fundamentally shaped the development of psychological theory, research, and practice, underlining the power of environment and experience in shaping behavior.

Behaviorist principles form the foundation of Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, using techniques like reinforcement to change behaviors. In education, these principles shape instructional methods and learning environments, employing rewards and structured learning for effectiveness. Additionally, behaviorism's impact extends to technology-enhanced learning, where gamification techniques motivate and engage users, demonstrating its enduring relevance across various fields.