Effiziente Isolation Protokoll für die B- und T-Lymphozyten von Menschengaumenmandeln
Summary
Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.
Abstract
Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term “tonsils” refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.
Introduction
Tonsils are collections of incompletely encapsulated lymphoid tissues that lie under, and in contact with, the epithelium in the upper aero-digestive tract. Usually the term “tonsils” refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. The paired palatine tonsils together with the nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), paired tubal tonsils and lingual tonsils constitute the so-called “Waldeyer´s ring”. The latter is responsible for the initial contact between inhaled or ingested pathogens and the lymphoid tissues of the aerodigestive tract1,2. Indeed, numerous reports have shown that both bacterial and viral antigens can be detected in palatine tonsil tissue samples2-6.
The palatine tonsils are composed of dense lymphoid tissue covered by a stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium. The tonsils have numerous crypts, epithelial invaginations, which penetrate the parenchyma increasing the surface area. Histologically, the palatine tonsils contain numerous lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, which are the sites for B cell maturation and differentiation (B-cell areas). Likewise, the palatine tonsils encompass T cells, which are mainly located in the extrafollicular regions (T-cell areas). In addition to the B and T cells, also various follicular dendritic cells can be detected in palatine tonsils1,2.
Due to their anatomic location, the palatine tonsils are easily accessible by surgical interventions. For example, surgical removal of tonsils, known as tonsillectomy, is routinely carried out worldwide7. In children with tonsillar hyperplasia, a partial surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillotomy) is sometimes used, causing less postoperative pain to the patients. Considering the accumulation of various pathogens in tonsils, surgically removed tonsils provide a unique opportunity to study the influence of viral and bacterial agents on tonsillar lymphocyte functions2,8. Furthermore it is possible to study if some pathogens prefer to reside in specific cell subpopulations9. In addition, as the tonsils are rich source of B lymphocytes, isolated tonsillar B lymphocytes can be efficiently used to study the activity of different B cell subpopulations10. However, as the palatine tonsils contain a mixture of cell types an efficient method to separate the different cell subpopulations is needed.
Here, we describe a simple method for efficient and rapid isolation of tonsillar B and T cell populations from human palatine tonsils by using a magnetic-activated cell separation technique (Figure 1). The method described here is useful for scientists who want to assess the role of different infectious agents in human lymphoid organs such as palatine tonsils.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Einer der wichtigsten Faktoren, die die Ergebnisse dieses Protokolls ist die Verwendung von frischen tonsillar Material wie das Ausgangsmaterial. Daher sollten die Tonsillenproben innerhalb von 3 h nach der Operation verarbeitet werden. Mandeln können von Erwachsenen und Kindern erhalten werden. Rachen Materials von den Kindern der Regel kleiner ist durch die teilweise operative Entfernung der Mandeln (Tonsillotomie). Daher ist die Anzahl der MNCs aus Tonsillotomie Proben (1 x 10 7 -1 x 10 8) erha…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Swedish Cancer Society (11 0253, 13 0469), the Swedish Research Council (K2012-99X-21959-01-3), Marcus Borgströms Foundation and the Swedish Research Council through a grant to the Uppsala RNA Research Centre (2006-5038-36531-16). We are indebted to the BioVis core facility at Uppsala University for much help with the FACS analysis.
Materials
| Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) | Gibco | 14175-053 | Contains 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 mM Glutamine, |
| 0.05 mg/ml Gentamicin and 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic mix | |||
| Freezing medium | 90% FBS and 10% DMSO | ||
| MACS buffer | PBS (pH 7.2), 0.5% BSA and 2mM EDTA | ||
| PBSA | PBS containing 0.2% BSA | ||
| PFA | PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Make fresh. | ||
| PFA is suspected carcinogen. Wear gloves and goggles. | |||
| Antibiotic-Antimycotic mix | Gibco | 15240-062 | |
| 100-mm petridish | Nunc | 172958 | |
| Dissecting foreceps | Fisher Scientific | 1381241 | |
| Straight iris scissors | Fisher Scientific | 12912055 | |
| disposable scalpels | Swann-Morton | REF 0501 | |
| 100μm plastic cell strainer | Corning Life Sciences | 352360 | |
| 40μm plastic cell strainers | Corning Life Sciences | 352340 | |
| 2-ml plastic syringe | BD Biosciences | 300185 | |
| 15-ml conical centrifuge tubes | SARSTEDT | 62554502 | |
| 50-ml conical centrifuge tubes | SARSTEDT | 62547254 | |
| Low-speed centrifuge with fixed-angle or swinging-bucket rotor | Thermo Scientific Heraeus Megafuge 16R | ||
| Ficoll–Hypaque | Sigma-Aldrich | F5415-50ML | Ficoll solution |
| Fetal calf serum | Biological industries | 040071A | |
| Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) | SIGMA | D2650-5X5ML | |
| MACS MS columns | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-201 | |
| MACS human CD3 MicroBeads | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-092-881 | |
| MACS separator (Octo MACS) | Miltenyi Biotec | 130-042-109 | |
| Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) | Merck Millipore | 1120180100 | |
| EDTA | AnalaR NORMAPUR | 20302.293 | |
| CD2 conjugated to allophycocyanin (CD2-APC) | BD Biosciences | 560642 | |
| CD20 conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (CD20-FITC) | BD Biosciences | 556632 | |
| Human serum | Rockland Immunochemicals | D119-0100 | |
| Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | Thermo Scientific | F-530L | |
| FACS tubes | BD Falcon | 352003 | |
| Cryotube | SARSTEDT | 72379 | |
| BD LSRII flowcytometer | BD Biosciences | ||
| BD FACSDiva 4.1 software | BD Biosciences | ||
| Nucleospin Blood | Macherey-Nagel | 740951.50 | DNA isolation kit |
| TRIzol reagent | Life technologies | 15596 | RNA isolation reagent |
| Hemocytometer | The Paul Marienfeld GmbH & Co. KG | 0610030 | cell counter device |
| GelRed | Biotium | 41003 | Nucleic acid gel stain |
Referências
- Nave, H., Gebert, A., Pabst, R. Morphology and immunology of the human palatine tonsil. Anat Embryol (Berl). 204, 367-373 (2001).
- Perry, M., Whyte, A. Immunology of the tonsils. Immunology today. 19, 414-421 (1998).
- Alkhalaf, M. A., Guiver, M., Cooper, R. J. Prevalence and quantitation of adenovirus DNA from human tonsil and adenoid tissues. J Med Virol. 85, 1947-1954 (2013).
- Brandtzaeg, P., Halstensen, T. S. Immunology and immunopathology of tonsils. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 47, 64-75 (1992).
- Imai, S., et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-carrying and -expressing T-cell lines established from severe chronic active EBV infection. Blood. 87, 1446-1457 (1996).
- Veen, J., Lambriex, M. Relationship of adenovirus to lymphocytes in naturally infected human tonsils and adenoids. Infect Immun. 7, 604-609 (1973).
- Friedman, M., Wilson, M., Lin, H. C., Chang, H. W. Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140, 800-808 (2009).
- Garnett, C. T., et al. Latent species C adenoviruses in human tonsil tissues. J Virol. 83, 2417-2428 (2009).
- Garnett, C. T., Erdman, D., Xu, W., Gooding, L. R. Prevalence and quantitation of species C adenovirus DNA in human mucosal lymphocytes. J Virol. 76, 10608-10616 (2002).
- Perez, M. E., Billordo, L. A., Baz, P., Fainboim, L., Arana, E. Human memory B cells isolated from blood and tonsils are functionally distinctive. Immunol Cell Biol. 92, 882-887 (2014).
- Cooper, R. J., Yeo, A. C., Bailey, A. S., Tullo, A. B. Adenovirus polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 40, 90-95 (1999).
- Zhang, Y., Huang, W., Ornelles, D. A., Gooding, L. R. Modeling adenovirus latency in human lymphocyte cell lines. J Virol. 84, 8799-8810 (2010).
- Chomczynski, P., Sacchi, N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. biochem. 162, 156-159 (1987).
- Watanabe, T., Yoshizaki, K., Yagura, T., Yamamura, Y. In vitro antibody formation by human tonsil lymphocytes. J Immunol. 113, 608-616 (1974).
