经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响
1School of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making,National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab. (Si-BIN Lab),Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, 3Department of Experimental Psychology,University of Oxford, 4Centre for Cognition and Decision Making,National Research University Higher School of Economics
Summary
经颅交变电流刺激 (可) 允许以频率特异的方式调节皮质兴奋性。在这里, 我们展示了一个独特的方法, 结合在线可与单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS), 以 “探针” 皮层兴奋性的手段, 电机诱发电位。
Abstract
经颅交变电流刺激 (可) 是一种促进技术, 能够在特定频率下通过正弦电波形, 进而调节正在进行的皮层振荡活动。这 neurotool 允许建立内在振荡活动和行为之间的因果联系。大多数的可研究显示了可的在线效果。然而, 由于在脑电图 (eeg) 信号上交流诱发的伪影, 这项技术的基本作用机制知之甚少。在这里, 我们展示了一个独特的方法来调查的在线生理频率特异性的影响, 可的原发性运动皮质 (M1) 使用单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS), 以探测皮层兴奋性变化。在我们的设置, TMS 线圈是放置在可电极, 而电机诱发电位 (欧洲议员) 收集测试的影响, 正在进行的 M1-tACS。到目前为止, 这种方法主要用于研究视觉和马达系统。然而, 目前的可-TMS 设置可以为未来的认知功能研究铺平道路。因此, 我们提供了一个 step-by 步骤的程序手册和视频指南。
Introduction
经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种促进技术, 允许通过不同的电流波形改变神经元状态1。在不同类型的工商业污水附加费中, 经颅交流刺激 (可) 能够在特定频率范围内传递正弦外部振荡电位, 并对知觉的生理神经活动进行调制,马达和认知过程2。使用可, 可以研究内源性振荡活动与脑过程之间的潜在因果关系。
在体内, 已经表明, 在不同的驱动频率下, 脉冲神经活动是同步的, 这表明神经元放电可以通过电应用的领域3。在动物模型中, 微弱的正弦可拽了广泛皮质神经元池的放电频率4。在人类, 可结合在线脑电图 (EEG) 允许诱导的 so-called “夹带” 效应的内源性振荡活动的互动与脑振荡的频率特定的方式5。然而, 由于交流诱发的工件6, 将可与神经影像方法结合以更好地了解在线机制仍然是值得商榷的。此外, 不能直接在受激靶区上记录 EEG 信号而不使用环形电极, 这是一个可疑的解决方案7。因此, 对这个问题缺乏系统性的研究。
到目前为止, 还没有明确的证据表明可在刺激停止后的持久作用。仅有少数研究显示了可在马达系统上的微弱和不明确的后遗症8。此外, EEG 证据仍然不清楚可的后遗症9。另一方面, 大多数可研究显示突出的在线效果10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 由于技术上的限制, 很难在生理水平上进行测量。因此, 我们的方法的总目标是提供一种替代方法, 以测试在线和频率依赖性的影响可的运动皮层 (M1) 通过提供单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS)。TMS 允许研究员 “探针” 人体运动皮层的生理状态19。此外, 通过记录运动诱发电位对对侧的手, 我们可以调查的影响, 正在进行的可11。这种方法让我们可以通过在不同频率的在线电刺激中以无工件的方式来测量脊髓兴奋度的变化, 从而精确地监测其改变。此外, 此方法还可以测试任何其他附加的波形的在线效果。
为了证明联合可-TMS 的效果, 我们将通过应用20赫兹 AC 刺激的主要运动皮层 (M1), 而在线 neuronavigated 单脉冲 tms 提供穿插随机间隔从3到 5 s, 以测试 M1皮质兴奋性。
Protocol
所有程序均由莫斯科高等经济学院 (HSE) 地方研究伦理委员会批准, 并征得所有与会者的同意. 注意: 参与者必须报告未植入的金属设备、神经或精神疾病、药物滥用或酗酒史。TMS 根据最新安全指南使用 20 。必须充分了解研究的性质, 并在开始实验前签署知情同意书。我们展示了一整套的设备, 运行在线组合可-TMS 协议的主要 M1 的刺激 ( 图 1 <…
Representative Results
2010年, 金井et al.显示了可/TMS 组合方法的第一个证据。在这项研究中, 作者应用可在初级视觉皮层 (V1), 并显示了一个频率特异的调节视觉皮层兴奋性测量的在线 TMS 诱导的 phosphene 知觉15。在 2011年, 通过 Feurra et al.对运动皮层兴奋性进行生理调节, 采用了更完善的协议版本。为了这样做, 这些作者在单脉冲 TMS 期间记录了欧洲议会议员, 而正在进…
Discussion
这种方法是一个独特的机会, 直接测试可的在线效果, 通过测量脊髓输出通过欧洲议会议员记录的初级运动皮层。然而, TMS 线圈在可电极上的位置是一个关键的步骤, 应该准确地执行。因此, 我们首先建议实验者通过单脉冲 TMS 找到一个目标点, 然后将它标记在头皮上, 并在那之后, 将可电极放在热点上。此外, 一个神经导航系统的可用性, 关键支持一个最佳的目标点的定位, 单脉冲 TMS。在启动过程之?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项研究得到了俄罗斯科学基金会的资助 (合同号: 17-11-01273)。特别感谢安德烈 Afanasov 和来自电视技术多功能创新中心的同事 (国立研究大学, 经济学院, 莫斯科, 俄罗斯联邦) 的视频录制和视频编辑。
Materials
| BrainStim, high-resolution transcranial stimulator | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | EMS-BRAINSTIM | |
| Pair of 1,5m cables for connection of conductive silicone electrodes | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | EMS-CVBS15 | |
| Reusable conductive silicone electrodes 50x50mm | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | FIA-PG970/2 | |
| Reusable spontex sponge for electrode 50x100mm | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | FIA-PG916S | |
| Rubber belts – 75 cm | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | FIA-ER-PG905/8 | |
| Plastic non traumatic button | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | FIA-PG905/99 | |
| Brainstim | E.M.S., Bologna, Italy | ||
| MagPro X100 MagOption – transcranial magnetic stimulator | MagVenture, Farum, Denmark | 9016E0731 | |
| 8-shaped coil MC-B65-HO-2 | MagVenture, Farum, Denmark | 9016E0462 | |
| Chair with neckrest | MagVenture, Farum, Denmark | 9016B0081 | |
| Localite TMS Navigator – Navigation platform, Premium edition | Localite, GmbH, Germany | 21223 | |
| Localite TMS Navigator – MR-based software, import data for morphological MRI (DICOM, NifTi) | Localite, GmbH, Germany | 10226 | |
| MagVenture 24.8 coil tracker, Geom 1 | Localite, GmbH, Germany | 5221 | |
| Electrode wires for surface EMG | EBNeuro, Italy | 6515 | |
| Surface Electrodes for EEG/EMG | EBNeuro, Italy | 6515 | |
| BrainAmp ExG amplifier – bipolar amplifier | Brain Products, GmbH, Germany | ||
| BrainVision Recorder 1.21.0004 | Brain Products, GmbH, Germany | ||
| Nuprep Skin Prep Gel | Weaver and Company, USA | ||
| Syringes | |||
| Sticky tape | |||
| NaCl solution |
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Citar este artigo
Shpektor, A., Nazarova, M., Feurra, M. Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (127), e55839, doi:10.3791/55839 (2017).