5つの脊椎動物群にわたる中枢神経系微小血管の信頼性の高い絶縁
Summary
このプロトコルの目的は、リッセンセファリックおよびギレンセファリック脊椎動物の中枢神経系の複数の領域から微小血管を分離することです。
Abstract
中枢神経系(CNS)からの微小血管の単離は、一般的に、複数の動物、最も頻繁にげっ歯類からの皮質組織を組み合わせることによって行われる。このアプローチは、血液脳関門(BBB)特性の尋問を皮質に制限し、個々の比較を可能にしません。このプロジェクトは、皮質、小脳、視床下部、下垂体、脳幹、脊髄など、複数のCNS領域からの神経血管ユニット(NVU)の比較を可能にする単離方法の開発に焦点を当てています。さらに、もともとマウスサンプル用に開発されたこのプロトコルは、脳半球白物から微小血管を分離することができる小さな大きな脊椎動物種のCNS組織での使用に適応することに成功しました。この方法は、免疫標識と組み合わせると、タンパク質発現の定量と個体、組織型、または治療間の統計的比較を可能にする。神経炎症性疾患、多発性硬化症のマウスモデルである実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)におけるタンパク質発現の変化を評価することで、この応用性を証明した。さらに、この方法で隔離されたマイクロ容器は、qPCR、RNA-seq、ウェスタンブロットなどの下流アプリケーションに使用できます。これは、超遠心分離または酵素解離を使用せずにCNSマイクロ容器を分離する最初の試みではありませんが、単一の個人と複数のCNS領域の比較に対するその熟達性においてユニークです。したがって、CNS部分(皮質、小脳、視葉、脳幹、視床下部、下垂体、脊髄)、CNS組織型(灰色または白色物質)、個体、実験的治療群、および種。
Introduction
私たちの脳は、私たちの体の中で最も重要な器官です。このため、正常からの逸脱を引き起こす可能性のある外的要因にもかかわらず、脳恒常性を維持することが優先事項である。一部の学者によると、約4億〜5億年前の1、脊椎動物は、私たちが今血液脳関門(BBB)2、3として知っているものを開発しました。この保護「フェンス」は、血液とCNSパレンチマ間のイオン、分子、細胞の輸送を厳密に調節することにより、中枢神経系(CNS)恒常性および機能に最も大きな影響を及ぼします。BBBが破壊されると、脳は毒性暴露、感染、炎症を受けやすくなります。したがって、BBB機能障害は、すべてではないにしても、神経学的および神経発達障害4、5、6に関連している。
BBBの高度な機能は、神経血管ユニット(NVU)2、3によって適合されたユニークなCNS微小血管系に起因する。高度に専門化された内皮細胞、ペリサイト、および星値状端足は、NVU2、3の細胞成分である。これらの細胞によって生成される細胞外マトリックスは、NVUおよびBBB生理学2、3にも不可欠である。NVUの必須細胞成分および分子成分は脊椎動物の間で保存されるが、異質性は、秩序および種7、8の間で報告される。しかし、技術的な制限は、神経生物学、生物医学、または翻訳研究におけるこれらの違いを十分に考慮する能力を妨げる。
このため、CNS領域特異的なマイクロ血管分離法を拡充し、魚類、両生類、爬虫類、鳥類、哺乳類の5つの脊椎動物群から多数の種に適用できるようにしました。このプロトコルは、小リッセンセファリックおよび大ギレンセファリック脊椎動物に使用するために記載されており、翻訳関連性9を有する種を含む。さらに、我々は、この文脈内で以前に調査されていないCNSの他の領域が含まれていますが、神経生理学に関連し、驚異的な臨床的意味を持つ:視床下部、下垂体、および白色物質。最後に、NVUおよび/またはBBB9、10、11に沿ったタンパク質発現の変化を同定するための信頼できるツールとして、この単離方法の容量を試験した。概念実証として、EAE中のVCAM-1およびJAM-B発現の変化を、免疫蛍光に続いて単離法を用いて決定する方法を示した。
Protocol
本研究のすべての手順は、カリフォルニア大学(UC)、デイビス制度動物ケア・使用委員会(IACUC)が定めたガイドラインに従っています。UCデイビスの動物ケアは、いくつかの独立したリソースによって規制されており、1966年以来、ラボアニマルケアインターナショナル(AAALAC)の評価と認定のための協会によって完全に認定されています。豚CNS組織は、食肉科学研究所動物科学UCD学科から得られま…
Representative Results
マウスCNSから単離された微小血管は、神経血管ユニット2、3のすべての固有の細胞成分を示した。血小板内皮細胞接着分子-1(PECAM、CD31とも呼ばれる)またはアイソレクチンIB4(内皮細胞グリコカリックスと結合する糖タンパク質)のいずれかを内皮細胞に使用し、 血小板由来増殖因子β(PDGFRβ)またはニューロングリア抗原2(NG2)は…
Discussion
BBBは、緊密な、付着物、”ペグソケット”-接合、およびCNS恒常性2、3、19に不可欠な接着プラークの洗練されたアーキテクチャによって結合された脳微小血管系内皮細胞のユニークな特性を含む。内皮細胞特性は、ペリサイトおよび周囲のアストログリア末脚注プロセス2、3、19…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
クルーズ・オレンゴ博士は、カリフォルニア大学デービス獣医学部スタートアップファンドの支援を受けました。
Materials
| 10X PBS | ThermoFisher | BP39920 | Used for blocking and antibody diluent. |
| 20% PFA | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 15713-S | Used as fixative (4% PFA) |
| 70,000 MW Dextran | Millipore Sigma | 9004-54-0 | Used for MV-2 solution |
| Adson Forceps | Fine Science Tools (FST) | 11006-12 | Used for removal of muscle and skin |
| Adson Forceps, student quality | FST | 91106-12 | Same as above but cheaper |
| Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Millipore Sigma | A7906-100G | Used for MV-3 solution, blocking and antibody diluent |
| Corning 100 μm Cell strainer | Millipore Sigma | CLS431752-50EA | |
| Corning 70 μm Cell strainer | Millipore Sigma | CLS431751-50EA | |
| Corning Deskwork low-binding tips | Millipore Sigma | CLS4151 | Same as below but cheaper. |
| Cultrex Poly-D-Lysine | R&D | 3439-100-01 | Used for slide coating |
| Donkey anti-Goat IgG-ALEXA 555 | Thermo | A21432 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Donkey anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 488 | Thermo | A21202 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 488 | Thermo | A21206 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 647 | Thermo | A31573 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Donkey anti-Rat IgG-DyLight 650 | Thermo | SA5-10029 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Double-Pronged Tissue Pick | FST | 18067-11 | Used for removal of meninges and choroid plexus |
| Dumont #3c Forceps | FST | 11231-20 | Used for more delicate and/or small CNS tissue handling (like pituitary) |
| Dumont #7 Forceps | FST | 11274-20 | Used for CNS tisssue dissection and handling |
| Dumont #7 Forceps, student | FST | 91197-00 | Same as above but cheaper |
| ep Dualfilter T.I.P.S. LoRetention Tips | Eppendorf | 22493008 | Better quality than the tips above (more expensive). |
| Extra Fine Graefe Forceps, serrated | FST | 11151-10 | Used for bone removal |
| Fine Scissors, sharp | FST | 14060-09 | Used for removal of pig and macaque dural sac |
| Glass Pestle 1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tube Tissue Grinder Homogenizer, Pack of 10 | Chang Bioscience Inc. (eBay) | GP1.5_10 | Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary. |
| Goat anti-CXCL12, biotinylated | PeproTech | 500-P87BGBT | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution: 1:20. |
| Goat anti-JAM-B | R&D | AF1074 | Used as primary antibody to assess neuroinflammation. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Goat anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 488 | Thermo | A11001 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Goat anti-Mouse IgG-ALEXA 555 | Thermo | A21424 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Goat anti-PDGFRβ | R&D | AF1042 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-ALEXA 555 | Thermo | A21249 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-DyLight 488 | Thermo | 35552 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Goat anti-Rat IgG-DyLight 650 | Thermo | SA5-10021 | Used as secondary antibody. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Graefe Forceps, curved tip, 1X2 teeth | FST | 11054-10 | Use for nylon filter net holding and shaking |
| HBSS, 1X buffer with calcium and magnesium | Corning | 21-022-CM | Used for MV-1 solution |
| HEPES, 1M liquid buffer | Corning | 25-060-CI | Used for MV-1 solution |
| Isolectin GS-IB4-Biotin-XX | ThermoFisher Scientific (Thermo) | I21414 | Glycoprotein isolated from legume Griffonia simplicifolia that binds D-galactosyl residues of endothelial cell glycocalysx. Used for avian and porcine CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| LaGrange Scissors, serrated | FST | 14173-12 | Used for skull dissection and laminectomy (except pig and macaque) |
| Millicell EZ slide 8-well unit | Millipore Sigma | PEZGS0816 | |
| Mouse anti-CLDN5 | Thermo | 35-2500 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Mouse anti-GGT1 | Abcam | ab55138 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Mouse anti-Human CD31 | R&D | BBA7 | Used as primary antibody on primate CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 16.5 μg/mL. |
| Mouse anti-NFM | Thermo | RMO-270 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Mouse anti-αSMA | Thermo | MA5-11547 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Nylon Filter Net, roll | Millipore Sigma | NY6000010 | Laser-cut to 13 mm diameter filter net discs. Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary. |
| Nylon Filter Nets, 25 mm | Millipore Sigma | NY2002500 | Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| Nylon Filter Nets, 47 mm | Millipore Sigma | NY2004700 | Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI | ThermoFisher | P36935 | Used to coverslip slides. |
| Rabbit anti-AQP4 | Millipore Sigma | A5971 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Rabbit anti-LSR | Millipore Sigma | SAB2107967 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Rabbit anti-NG2 | Millipore Sigma | AB5320 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Rabbit anti-OSP | Abcam | ab53041 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 1 μg/mL. |
| Rabbit anti-VE-Cadherin | Abcam | ab33168 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Rabbit anti-ZO-1 | Thermo | 61-7300 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Rat anti-CD31 | Becton Dickinson | BD 550274 | Used as primary antibody for murine CNS microvessels. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Rat anti-GFAP | Thermo | 13-0300 | Used as primary antibody on CNS microvessels from all specimens. Recommended dilution of 1:200. |
| Rat anti-VCAM-1 | Becton Dickinson | BD 553329 | Used as primary antibody to assess neuroinflammation. Recommended concentration: 5 μg/mL. |
| Sterile Ringer's Solution, Frog | Aldon Corporation | IS5066 | Used for amfibian anesthesia |
| Streptavidin-ALEXA 555 | Thermo | S32355 | Used as secondary antibody to label biotinylated primary antibodies. Recommended dilution of 1:500. |
| Streptavidin-ALEXA 647 | Thermo | S32357 | Used as secondary antibody to label biotinylated primary antibodies. Recommended dilution of 1:500. |
| Surgical Scissors, sharp | FST | 14002-12 | Used for removal of muscle and skin |
| Surgical Scissors, sharp-blunt | FST | 14001-16 | Used for decapitation (except pig and macaque) |
| Swinnex Filter Holder, 13 mm | Millipore Sigma | SX0001300 | Modified by laser-cut. Used for small vetebrate hypothalus and pituitary. |
| Swinnex Filter Holder, 25 mm | Millipore Sigma | SX0002500 | Modified by laser-cut. Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| Swinnex Filter Holder, 47 mm | Millipore Sigma | SX0004700 | Modified by laser-cut. Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| Triton X-100 | ThermoFisher | 50-165-7277 | Used for blocking and antibody diluent. |
| Wheaton 120 Vac Overhead Stirrer | VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) | 62400-904 (DWK #903475) | Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues with 55 mL tissue grinder, except hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| Wheaton Potter-Elvehjem tissue grinder with PTFE pestle, 10 mL | VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) | 14231-384 (DWK #357979) | Used on most small vertebrates CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. Used for macaque and pig hypothalamus and pituitary. |
| Wheaton Potter-Elvehjem tissue grinder with PTFE pestle, 55 mL | VWR (Supplier DWK Life Sciences) | 14231-372 (DWK #357994) | Used for macaque and pig CNS tissues, except hypothalamus and pituitary. |
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Citar este artigo
Yuan, Y., Dayton, J. R., Freese, M., Dorflinger, B. G., Cruz-Orengo, L. Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups. J. Vis. Exp. (155), e60291, doi:10.3791/60291 (2020).