Chapter 7
Electronic Structure of Atoms
![The Wave Nature of Light](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11294.jpg)
The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and…
![The Electromagnetic Spectrum](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11295.jpg)
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the…
![Photoelectric Effect](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11297.jpg)
When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency…
![The Bohr Model](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11298.jpg)
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei…
![The de Broglie Wavelength](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11300.jpg)
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on…
![The Uncertainty Principle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11301.jpg)
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined…
![Quantum Numbers](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11303.jpg)
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one…
![Atomic Orbitals](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11304.jpg)
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial…
![The Energies of Atomic Orbitals](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11306.jpg)
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions…
![The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11307.jpg)
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen,…
![Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/53399_t.png)
The generation and subsequent measurement of far-infrared radiation has found numerous applications in high-resolution spectroscopy, radio astronomy,…
![Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/57874_t.png)
In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing x-ray microfluorescence (μXRF), and Laue and powder…