Chapter 9
Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts
![Types of Chemical Bonds](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11317.jpg)
Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type…
![Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11318.jpg)
Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis…
![The Born-Haber Cycle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11320.jpg)
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a…
![Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11321.jpg)
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a…
![Electronegativity](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11323.jpg)
Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.
Electronegativity…
![Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11324.jpg)
The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be expected…
![Resonance](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11326.jpg)
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O…
![Formal Charges](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11327.jpg)
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used…
![Palladium <em>N</em>-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/54932_t.png)
Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes…
![Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/58263_t.png)
We present a pump-probe method for preparing vibrational coherences in polyatomic radical cations and probing their ultrafast dynamics. By shifting…