Chapter 11
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
![Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11340.jpg)
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no…
![Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11341.jpg)
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the…
![Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11343.jpg)
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling…
![Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11344.jpg)
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are…
![Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11346.jpg)
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize…
![Vapor Pressure](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11347.jpg)
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally…
![Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11349.jpg)
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy…
![Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11350.jpg)
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and…
![Phase Diagrams](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11352.jpg)
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a…
![Structures of Solids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11353.jpg)
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic…
![Molecular and Ionic
Solids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11354.jpg)
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their…
![Ionic Crystal Structures](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11355.jpg)
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure…
![Band Theory](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11357.jpg)
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a…
![Network Covalent Solids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11358.jpg)
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond,…
![A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/53567_t.png)
Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales,…
![Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/57750_t.png)
Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques
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Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several…