Chapter 8
Transcription: DNA to RNA
![What is Gene Expression?](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10797.jpg)
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression…
![RNA Structure](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10799.jpg)
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form…
![Bacterial RNA Polymerase](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11579.jpg)
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct…
![Bacterial Transcription](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12224.jpg)
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So,…
![Transcription](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10794.jpg)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene…
![Transcription Factors](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10983.jpg)
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component…
![Transcription Initiation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12225.jpg)
Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing.…
![RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11584.jpg)
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by…
![pre-mRNA Processing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11003.jpg)
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor…
![RNA Splicing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10802.jpg)
Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is…
![Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11588.jpg)
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into…
![Nuclear Export of mRNA](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11589.jpg)
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several…
![Transfer RNA Synthesis](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11591.jpg)
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the…
![The Nucleolus](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11592.jpg)
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that…
![RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/50243_t.png)
Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology…
![Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/59497_t.png)
Eukaryotic mRNA synthesis is a complex biochemical process requiring transcription of a DNA template into a precursor RNA by the multi-subunit enzyme…
![Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/51153_t.png)
Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters
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Synthetic biology aims to rationally design and build synthetic circuits with desired quantitative properties, as well as provide tools to…