Chapter 9
Translation: RNA to Protein
![Translation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10795.jpg)
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it…
![tRNA Activation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11595.jpg)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to…
![Improving Translational Accuracy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11597.jpg)
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a…
![Initiation of Translation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11598.jpg)
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors…
![Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11600.jpg)
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual…
![Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11601.jpg)
The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot…
![Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/57806_t.png)
Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation…
![Measurement of mRNA Decay Rates in <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> Using <em>rpb1-1</em> Strains](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/52240_t.png)
mRNA steady state levels vary depending on environmental conditions. Regulation of the steady state accumulation levels of an mRNA ensures that the…