Chapter 4
Introduction to Metabolism
![Overview of Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12114.jpg)
Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one…
![Carbohydrate Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12115.jpg)
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four…
![Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12548.jpg)
So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the…
![Fates of Pyruvate](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12117.jpg)
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also…
![Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12119.jpg)
Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature,…
![Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12120.jpg)
Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these…
![Fats as Energy Storage Molecules](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12549.jpg)
Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat,…
![Regulation of Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12122.jpg)
Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic…
![Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cell Metabolism](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/60234_t.png)
Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) have distinct metabolic plasticity, which allows them to transition from their quiescent state to a…
![Transforming, Genome Editing and Phenotyping the Nitrogen-fixing Tropical Cannabaceae Tree <em>Parasponia andersonii</em>](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/59971_t.png)
Transforming, Genome Editing and Phenotyping the Nitrogen-fixing Tropical Cannabaceae Tree Parasponia andersonii
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Parasponia andersonii is a fast-growing tropical tree that belongs to the Cannabis family (Cannabaceae). Together with 4 additional species, it forms…