Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of…
All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons,…
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels,…
Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom,…
Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon…
A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or…
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom’s electronegativity—the force with…
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between…
Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive…
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i)…
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a…
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron,…
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar…
The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree…
Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
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Treatment of dyslipidemia patients with lipid-lowering drugs leads to a significant reduction in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) level and a low to…
Cholesterol content of cells must be maintained within the very tight limits, too much or too little cholesterol in a cell results in disruption of…
Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans
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The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to…