के लिए वायरल नैनोकणों<em> Vivo में</em> ट्यूमर इमेजिंग
Summary
संयंत्र वायरल नैनोकणों (VNPs) biomedicine में आवेदन के लिए प्लेटफार्मों का वादा कर रहे हैं. यहाँ, हम संयंत्र VNP प्रचार, शुद्धि, लक्षण, और bioconjugation के लिए प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन है. अंत में, हम ट्यूमर घर वापस आना और इमेजिंग एक माउस xenograft मॉडल और प्रतिदीप्ति इमेजिंग का उपयोग करने के लिए VNPs के आवेदन दिखा.
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. 1 and 2 for further information on VNPs).
From a materials scientist’s point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are “programmable” units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods 3. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level4, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies.
In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs 5-10, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics 8,11. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect12. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
इस प्रोटोकॉल VNPs के लिए vivo ट्यूमर इमेजिंग में और उनके आवेदनों की रासायनिक संशोधन के लिए एक दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करता है. यहाँ प्रस्तुत पशु प्रतिदीप्ति इमेजिंग, प्रतिदीप्ति मात्रा का ठहराव, और immunohistochemistry…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
यह काम NIH / NIBIB अनुदान R00 (NFS) EB009105 और EB011317 P30 (NFS), एक NIH / NIBIB प्रशिक्षण अनुदान EB007509 T32 (AMW करने के लिए), एक केस वेस्टर्न रिजर्व विश्वविद्यालय अंतःविषय एलायंस निवेश ग्रांट (NFS) द्वारा समर्थित किया गया था, और एक मामले में व्यापक कैंसर केंद्र अनुदान P30 CA043703 (NFS). हम समर्थन पर हाथ Steinmetz लैब उनके लिए स्नातक छात्र शोधकर्ताओं धन्यवाद: नादिया Ayat, केविन चेन, सौरभ (सिड) डे, ऐलिस यांग, सैम अलेक्जेंडर, क्रेग डी 'क्रूज़, स्टीफन बगुला, लॉरेन Randolph, ब्रायन तो, और पॉल Chariou .
Materials
| Material Name | Company | Catalogue number | Comments (optional) |
| VNP production | |||
| Indoor plant chamber | Percival Scientific | E-41L2 | |
| V. unguiculata seeds (California black-eye no. 5) | Burpee | 51771A | |
| N. benthamiana seeds | N. benthamiana seeds were a gift from Salk Institute. Seeds are produced through plant propagation. | ||
| Carborundum | Fisher | C192-500 | |
| Pro-mix BX potting soil | Premier Horticulture | 713400 | |
| Jack’s Professional 20-10-20 Peat-Lite Fertilizer | JR Peters | 77860 | |
| Equipment | |||
| 50.2 Ti rotor | Beckman | 337901 | |
| SW 32 Ti rotor | Beckman | 369694 | |
| Optima L-90K ultracentrifuge | Beckman | 365672 | |
| SLA-3000 rotor | Thermo Scientific | 07149 | |
| SS-34 rotor | Thermo Scientific | 28020 | |
| Sorvall RC-6 Plus centrifuge | Thermo Scientific | 46910 | |
| Polypropylene bottle | Beckman | 355607 | For SLA-3000 rotor |
| Polycarbonate bottle | Beckman | 357002 | For SS-34 rotor |
| Ultra-Clear tube | Beckman | 344058 | For sucrose gradient and SW 32 Ti rotor |
| Polycarbonate bottle | Beckman | 355618 | For pelleting and 50.2 Ti rotor |
| NanoDrop spectrophotometer | Thermo Scientific | NanoDrop2000c | |
| PowerEase 500 pre-cast gel system | Invitrogen | EI8675EU | |
| Superose 6 10/300 GL (24 ml) size-exclusion column | GE Healthcare | 17-5172-01 | |
| ÄKTA Explorer 100 Chromatograph | GE Healthcare | 28-4062-66 | |
| Allegra X-12R | Beckman | 392302 | Benchtop centrifuge |
| Cryostat | Leica | CM1850 | |
| Maestro 2 | Caliper Life Sciences | In vivo imaging system | |
| Tissue-Tearor | Biospec Products | 985370-395 | |
| Microplate reader | Tecan | Infinite-200 | |
| Transmission electron microscope | ZEISS | Libra 200FE | |
| FluoView laser scanning confocal microscope | Olympus | FV1000 | |
| Chemicals and Reagents | |||
| 3-ethynylaniline | Sigma Aldrich | 498289-5G | |
| 384 well black plate | BD Biosciences | 353285 | |
| 4-12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE SDS gel | Invitrogen | NP0321BOX | |
| 4X LDS sample buffer | Invitrogen | NP0008 | |
| Acetic Acid | Fisher | A385-500 | |
| Acetonitrile | Sigma Aldrich | 271004-1L | |
| Alexa Fluor 647 azide | Invitrogen | A10277 | |
| Alexa Fluor 647 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester | Invitrogen | A20006 | |
| Amicon Ultra-0.5 ml Centrifugal Filters | Millipore | UFC501096 | 10 kDa cut-off |
| Aminoguanidine hydrochloride | Acros Organics | 36891-0250 | |
| Boric acid | Fisher | A74-500 | |
| Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 | Fisher | BP101-25 | |
| CsCl | Acros Organics | 42285-1000 | |
| DAPI | MP Biomedicals | 157574 | |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide | Fisher | BP231-100 | |
| Filter paper | Fisher | 09-801K | P5 grade |
| FITC anti-mouse CD31 | BioLegend | 102406 | |
| Goat serum | Invitrogen | 16210-064 | |
| KCl | Fisher | BP366-500 | |
| L-ascorbic acid sodium salt | Acros Organics | 35268-0050 | |
| Methanol | Fisher | A412P-4 | |
| MgCl2 | Fisher | BP214-500 | |
| Microscope slides | Fisher | 12-544-3 | |
| Microscope cover glass | VWR | 48366-277 | |
| MOPS buffer | Invitrogen | NP0001 | |
| mPEG-mal | Nanocs | PG1-ML-2k | MW 2000 |
| mPEG-N3 | Nanocs | PG1-AZ-5k | MW 5000 |
| mPEG-NHS | Nanocs | PG1-SC-5k | MW 5000 |
| NaCl | Fisher | BP358-212 | |
| Oregon Green 488 succinimidyl ester *6-isomer* | Invitrogen | O-6149 | |
| p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate | Acros Organics | 13902-0050 | |
| Permount | Fisher | SP15-100 | |
| Potassium phosphate dibasic | Fisher | BP363-1 | |
| Potassium phosphate monobasic | Fisher | BP362-1 | |
| Sodium acetate | Fisher | BP333-500 | |
| Sodium nitrite | Acros Organics | 42435-0050 | |
| Sodium sulfite | Amresco | 0628-500G | |
| Sucrose | Fisher | S6-500 | |
| TEM grid | Ted Pella | FCF-400Cu | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-500 | |
| Triton X-100 | EMD Chemicals | TX1568-1 | |
| β-mercaptoethanol | Fisher | O3446I-100 | |
| Tissue Culture | |||
| Fetal bovine serum | Invitrogen | 12483-020 | |
| Hemocytometer | Fisher | 0267110 | |
| HT-29 cells | ATCC | HTB-38 | |
| L-glutamine | Invitrogen | 25030-080 | |
| PBS | Cellgro | 21-040-CV | |
| Penicillin-streptomycin | Invitrogen | 10378-016 | |
| RPMI-1640 | Invitrogen | 31800-089 | |
| Tissue culture flasks | Corning | 431080 | 175 cm2 |
| Trypan Blue | Thermo Scientific | SV30084.01 | |
| Trypsin, 0.05% (1X) with EDTA 4Na, liquid | Invitrogen | 25300-054 | |
| Animal Studies | |||
| 18% Protein Rodent Diet | Harlan Teklad | Teklad Global 2018S | Alfalfa free diet |
| Insulin syringe | BD Biosciences | 329410 | 28 gauge |
| Isoflurane | Baxter | AHN3637 | |
| Matrigel Matrix basement membrane | BD Biosciences | 356234 | |
| NCR nu/nu mice | CWRU School of Medicine Athymic Animal and Xenograft Core Facility |
||
| Sterile syringe | BD Biosciences | 305196 | 18 1/2 gauge |
| Tissue-Tek CRYO-OCT Compound | Andwin Scientific | 4583 |
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