Os ensaios bioquímicos para analisar as actividades de ATP-dependente cromatina remodelação Enzimas
Summary
Here we describe biochemical assays that can be used to characterize ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes for their abilities to 1) catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding, 2) engage with nucleosome substrates, and 3) hydrolyze ATP in a nucleosome- or DNA-dependent manner.
Abstract
Members of the SNF2 family of ATPases often function as components of multi-subunit chromatin remodeling complexes that regulate nucleosome dynamics and DNA accessibility by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Biochemically dissecting the contributions of individual subunits of such complexes to the multi-step ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling reaction requires the use of assays that monitor the production of reaction products and measure the formation of reaction intermediates. This JOVE protocol describes assays that allow one to measure the biochemical activities of chromatin remodeling complexes or subcomplexes containing various combinations of subunits. Chromatin remodeling is measured using an ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding assay, which monitors the movement of a nucleosome on a DNA molecule using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)-based method. Nucleosome binding activity is measured by monitoring the formation of remodeling complex-bound mononucleosomes using a similar EMSA-based method, and DNA- or nucleosome-dependent ATPase activity is assayed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to measure the rate of conversion of ATP to ADP and phosphate in the presence of either DNA or nucleosomes. Using these assays, one can examine the functions of subunits of a chromatin remodeling complex by comparing the activities of the complete complex to those lacking one or more subunits. The human INO80 chromatin remodeling complex is used as an example; however, the methods described here can be adapted to the study of other chromatin remodeling complexes.
Introduction
SnF2 complexos de remodelação da cromatina família incluem um SnF2-como centro ATPase subunidade 1,2. Alguns ATPases função SnF2-como enzimas individuais de subunidade, enquanto que outros funcionam como a subunidade catalítica de grandes complexos de multi-subunidades. Elucidar os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais cada uma das subunidades da cromatina complexos de remodelação contribuir para as suas actividades requer a capacidade de realizar ensaios bioquímicos que dissecam o processo de remodelação.
ATP-dependente remodelação nucleossoma pelo complexo INO80 humano e outras enzimas remodelação da cromatina pode ser concebido como um processo multi-etapas que começa com a ligação da enzima à remodelação nucleossomas, seguido por activação do seu ADN e / ou nucleossoma-ATPase dependente, translocação da enzima na remodelação ADN nucleossomal, e eventual reposicionamento de nucleossomas 1,2. Compreender os detalhes moleculares do dependente de ATP processo de remodelação da cromatina requires dissecção da reacção remodelação nos seus passos individuais e definição das contribuições das subunidades individuais do complexo de remodelação da cromatina para cada passo da reacção. Tais análises exigem a capacidade de analisar remodelação nucleosome e outras atividades utilizando substratos moleculares definidos in vitro.
Em um protocolo JOVE anterior, descrevemos os procedimentos utilizados para gerar complexos de remodelação da cromatina INO80 e subcomplexos com composições de subunidades definidas 3. Aqui, apresentamos três ensaios bioquímicos que permitem a análise quantitativa da ligação, DNA- e nucleosome ativado ATPase, e as atividades de remodelação nucleossomos associados com tais complexos nucleosome.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Para garantir que a remodelação nucleosome e atividades ATPase observamos em ensaios dependem da atividade catalítica de complexos INO80, e não sobre a contaminação de remodelação e / ou enzimas ATPase, nós nucleosome rotineiramente ensaio remodelação e atividade ATPase de versões cataliticamente inativos de complexos INO80, purificado em paralelo com o tipo selvagem INO80 utilizando o mesmo procedimento. Uma reacção de controlo negativo a que falta o ATP também deve ser realizada quando se examina a acti…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Work in the authors’ laboratory is supported by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM41628) and by a grant to the Stowers Institute for Medical Research from the Helen Nelson Medical Research Fund at the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation.
Materials
| Name of Reagent/Material | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Protease Inhibitor Cocktail | Sigma | P8340 | |
| 10x PCR reaction buffer | Roche Applied Science | 11435094001 | |
| Roche Taq DNA Polymerase | Roche Applied Science | 11435094001 | |
| NucAway Nuclease-free Spin Columns | Ambion | Cat. # AM10070 | |
| ultrapure ATP | USB/Affymetrix | 77241 25 UM | |
| bovine serum albumin | Sigma | A9418 | |
| N,N,N´,N´-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) | Thermo Scientific | 17919 | Fisher Scientific |
| 40% Acrylamide/Bis 37.5:1 | Amresco | 0254-500ML | |
| Sonicated salmon sperm DNAs | GE Healthcare | 27-4565-01 | |
| 10% ammonium persulfate (APS) | Thermo Scientific | 17874 | |
| benzonase | Novagen | Cat. No. 70664 | |
| [α-32P] ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) | PerkinElmer | BLU003H250UC | |
| dCTP, [α-32P]- 6000Ci/mmol | PerkinElmer | BLU013Z250UC | |
| Equipment | Company | ||
| PCR thermal cycler PTC 200 | MJ Research | PTC 200 | |
| Hoefer vertical electrophoresis unit | Hoefer | SE600X-15-1.5 | |
| lubricated 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes | Costar | 3207 | |
| Storage Phosphor Screen | Molecular Dynamics | 63-0034-79 | |
| 3MM filter paper | Whatman | 28458-005 | VWR |
| Typhoon PhosphorImager | GE Healthcare | 8600 | |
| ImageQuant software | GE Healthcare | ver2003.02 | |
| TLC Glass Plates, PEI-Cellulose F | Millipore | 5725-7 | |
| Immobilon-FL Transfer Membrane 7 x 8.4 | Millipore | IPFL07810 | |
| General purpose survey meter with end-window or pancake GM (Geiger-Mueller) probe | Biodex | Model 14C |
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