Summary

Rilevamento e analisi del danno al DNA nel muscolo scheletrico mouse<em> In Situ</em> Utilizzo del metodo TUNEL

Published: December 16, 2014
doi:

Summary

This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method for semi-automated analysis of TUNEL labeling.

Abstract

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently attach a tagged form of dUTP to 3’ ends of double- and single-stranded DNA breaks in cells. It is a reliable and useful method to detect DNA damage and cell death in situ. This video describes dissection, tissue processing, sectioning, and fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling of mouse skeletal muscle. It also describes a method of semi-automated TUNEL signal quantitation. Inherent normal tissue features and tissue processing conditions affect the ability of the TdT enzyme to efficiently label DNA. Tissue processing may also add undesirable autofluorescence that will interfere with TUNEL signal detection. Therefore, it is important to empirically determine tissue processing and TUNEL labeling methods that will yield the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent quantitation. The fluorescence-based assay described here provides a way to exclude autofluorescent signal by digital channel subtraction. The TUNEL assay, used with appropriate tissue processing techniques and controls, is a relatively fast, reproducible, quantitative method for detecting apoptosis in tissue. It can be used to confirm DNA damage and apoptosis as pathological mechanisms, to identify affected cell types, and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in vivo.

Introduction

Etichettatura fine nick Terminal deossinucleotidil transferasi (TdT) dUTP (TUNEL) è il processo di utilizzo dell'enzima TdT allegare dUTP al 3 'estremità del doppio e singolo filamento di DNA rompe 12,23. Il metodo TUNEL per il rilevamento di apoptosi e danni al DNA è stato segnalato prima oltre 20 anni fa da Gavrieli et al. 1,12,24. Da allora è stato valutato e ottimizzate in diverse preparazioni di tessuto 7,23,27,40. TUNEL è stato utilizzato per studiare ischemia indotta morte cellulare dei neuroni 6,14,29 e cardiomiociti 43,44, eccitotossico morte neuronale 30,31, e come biomarker nel trattamento dell'artrite 39. E 'stato anche utilizzato come fattore prognostico e marker delle cellule tumorali in diversi tumori umani 2,3,15,32,37,38,42.

Esistono metodi alternativi per il danno al DNA e la rilevazione morte cellulare, ma hanno sfide tecniche e avvertimenti. Southern blotting può essere utilizzato per quantifdanno al DNA y in tutto lisati tissutali 7,9-11, ma questo metodo non fornisce la risoluzione-livello cellulare ed è difficile da quantificare. Il Comet assay è un metodo a base di cellule alternativa che richiede l'estrazione di nuclei conservati dalle cellule 4,20,28,36. Sebbene il saggio comet funziona bene su cellule isolate coltivate, è molto più difficile preparare nuclei intatti dal tessuto muscolare scheletrico 8,21. Come con la macchia del sud, il test della cometa non fornisce informazioni cell-tipo-specifica da un intero tessuto omogenato muscolare. Un'altra alternativa al metodo TUNEL è immunoistochimica utilizzando anticorpi contro il DNA a singolo filamento 25,33,41 o contro le proteine ​​che partecipano a percorsi di DNA di risposta danno e morte cellulare (ad es p53, H2AX, e caspasi) 13,17,22,40. Tali metodi a base di anticorpi richiedono caratterizzazione completa di anticorpi ed eccellente anticorpo specificità per produrre un elevato rapporto segnale-background. Anche quando specEsistono anticorpi IFIC, possono richiedere la denaturazione delle proteine ​​bersaglio mediante procedure di recupero antigene 34,35. Mentre discutiamo qui, il recupero antigene risultati tessuto muscolare in inaccettabilmente alto autofluorescenza. A differenza dei metodi alternativi, TUNEL raggiunge DNA rilevamento dei danni con un segnale alto e basso fondo, eccellente specificità che può essere testato con semplici controlli positivi e negativi, buona penetrazione tissutale, che non richiedono il recupero dell'antigene, e la risoluzione a livello cellulare. Inoltre, il metodo TUNEL dura circa 4 ore per completare, mentre i metodi alternativi in ​​genere richiedono incubazione durante la notte.

Studiamo la morte delle cellule del muscolo scheletrico in un modello murino di atrofia muscolare spinale (SMA) 10 che è stato generato da Hsieh-Li e colleghi 16. Per quantificare cellule apoptotiche nel muscolo, abbiamo sviluppato un metodo di preparazione dei tessuti, la colorazione, e quantificazione che funziona robusto tra i diversi Skelegruppi muscolari Tal in diversi momenti dello sviluppo nei topi. Usiamo un kit TUNEL etichettatura disponibile in commercio e disponibile in commercio software di analisi dell'immagine. Abbiamo anche utilizzato con successo il test TUNEL in combinazione con immunofluorescenza nel midollo spinale 10.

I metodi descritti sono utili per gli investigatori che vogliono valutare la patologia dei tessuti, dei meccanismi della malattia, i meccanismi di invecchiamento, e di sviluppo (pre e post-natale) la morte cellulare nel muscolo scheletrico. La tecnica TUNEL è particolarmente utile per gli studi di danno e riparazione del DNA e morte cellulare in sistemi modello in cui solo un sottoinsieme di celle è colpita e risoluzione livello cellulare è necessaria.

Questo video descrive la dissezione, processazione dei tessuti, sezionamento, e l'etichettatura TUNEL basato sulla fluorescenza del mouse del muscolo scheletrico. Viene inoltre descritto un metodo di semi-automatico del segnale quantificazione TUNEL.

Protocol

NOTA: Tutte le procedure sugli animali descritti in questo protocollo sono state effettuate in conformità con le raccomandazioni della Guida per la cura e l'uso di animali da laboratorio del National Institutes of Health 26. Il protocollo (MO13M391) è stato approvato dall'Università Animal Care and Use Committee Johns Hopkins. Sacrificio 1. neonatale mouse, Dissection, e fissazione Sacrifica un mouse neonatale da CO 2 inalazione. …

Representative Results

Con la colorazione di successo, il segnale TUNEL-positivi dovrebbe essere abbastanza luminoso per isolare da autofluorescenza impostando soglie di intensità. Oggetti TUNEL-positive a basso ingrandimento possono apparire frammenti irregolari come brillanti nel muscolo scheletrico (Figura 1A). Tuttavia, a più alto ingrandimento, si devono osservare alcuni oggetti TUNEL-positivi con la classica morfologia apoptotica, se il tipo di morte cellulare in questione è l'apoptosi (Figura 1B).</stron…

Discussion

Un metodo per rilevare e analizzare quantitativamente DNA danni associata apoptosi nel topo muscoli scheletrici è descritto. La procedura prevede la raccolta dei tessuti, TUNEL colorazione, l'acquisizione di immagini digitali, e l'analisi delle immagini. Sono necessarie forniture istologiche comuni e strumenti, e uno speciale kit di TUNEL commerciale è necessario. Gli elementi essenziali necessari grandi apparecchiature sono un criostato, microscopio epifluorescente con capacità di immagine digitale, e un sis…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH-NINDS grant RO1-NS065895 and NIH-NINDS grant 5-F31-NS076250-02.

We thank JHU SOM Microscope Facility for the use of the cryostat.

Materials

Name of Reagent/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
4% Paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline Electron Microscopy Sciences 19202 For procedures described here, 4% solution was prepared fresh from powder. Paraformaldehyde from any supplier may be used. Prepared formaldehyde solution should be stored at 4 °C and should not be used after its expiration date (up to several months). Paraformaldehyde is a carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling paraformaldehyde.
Sucrose Sigma S0389 Used for cryoprotecting tissue before freezing. Sucrose from any supplier may be used.
O.C.T. compound  Tissue-Tek 4583 Embedding medium for cryosectioning.
Cryostat Leica CM 3050S A Leica CM3050S cryostat was used for the preparations described here. Any cryostat capable of cutting 10 μm sections may be used.
Glass slides, 25 x 75 x 1 mm Fisher 12-552-3 Slides from any supplier may be used.
Gelatin Sigma G-9391 Gelatin is used to promote tissue section adhesion to glass slides. To coat glass slides with gelatin, dissolve 2.75 g gelatin and 0.275 g chrome alum in 500 mL distilled water, warm to 60 °C, dip slides for several seconds, and let dry. Gelatin from any supplier may be used. Alternatively, gelatin-precoated slides may be purchased.
Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (chrome alum) Sigma 243361 Chrome alum is added to gelatin solution to promote tissue adhesion on glass slides. It is a possible carcinogen and a toxin by inhalation and skin contact. Please follow precautions specified in the MSDS when handling chrome alum.
Vectabond tissue adhesion reagent Vector Labs SP-1800 Optional substrate for better tissue adhesion to glass slides; gellatin-coated slides may be used instead.
Tween20 Sigma P9416 A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Tween20 from any supplier may be used.
Triton X100 Sigma T8787 A detergent used to permeabilize tissue. Triton X100 from any supplier may be used.
TACS 2 TdT fluorescein in situ apoptosis detection kit Trevigen 4812-30-K Commercial kit for fluorescence-based TUNEL labeling.
DNase/nuclease Trevigen 4812-30-K (included with kit)
DNase/nuclease buffer Trevigen 4812-30-K (included with kit)
10x phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 Amresco 780 Make 1x PBS for washes and dilutions. PBS from any supplier may be used.
DNase-free water Quality Biologicals 351-029-131 Water from any supplier may be used.
Hoechst 33258 Sigma 94403 Nuclear dye. Any blue fluorescent nuclear dye may be used. As a DNA-binding dye, Hoechst is a suspected carcinogen and should be handled with protective equipment to minimize skin contact.
Parafilm M multiple 807 Any other hydrophobic film or cover slip may be used. Available from multiple suppliers. 
Fluorescent microscope with digital camera  –  – Any fluorescent microscope capable of digitally capturing red, green, and blue fluorescence in separate channels may be used.
Vectashield antifade media Vector Labs H-1000 Antifade media from any supplier may be used.
glass coverslips, No.1 thickness Brain Research Labs 2222-1 Cover slips from any supplier may be used. The smallest size of 22×22 mm is sufficient for neonatal mouse leg sections.
Nail polish Ted Pella 114-8 Used to seal coverslips. Nail polish from any supplier (including regular retailers) may be used. Avoid using nail polish with color or additives that may reflect light during fluorescent imaging. 

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Cite This Article
Fayzullina, S., Martin, L. J. Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method. J. Vis. Exp. (94), e52211, doi:10.3791/52211 (2014).

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